Method of Transmitting Data Using Space Time Block Codes

ABSTRACT

To transmit data, a set of at least 2 m  n×n matrices that represent an extension of a fixed-point-free group is provided. To each of 2 m  of the matrices is allocated one of the binary numbers from 0 to 2 m −1. The data are mapped into the matrices according to the allocation. The mapped matrices are transmitted, preferably using n antennas, one antenna per row of each matrix.

FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the transmission of digital data and, more particularly, to a method of data transmission that uses space time block codes.

Communication data rates are increasing rapidly to support endpoint application requirements for ever-growing bandwidth and communication speed. First generation cellular telephony equipment supported a data rate of up to 9.6 kbps. Second generation cellular telephony equipment supported a data rate of up to 57.6 kbps. Now, the third generation cellular telephony standards support a data rate of up to 384 kbps, with a rate of up to 2 Mbps in local coverage. The WLAN 802.11a supports a data rate of up to 54 Mbps. The 802.11b supports a data rate of up to 11 Mbps. Both of these rates are much higher than the 3 Mbps data rate of the 802.11 standard.

Although the rates specified by the communication standards are increasing, the allowed transmit power remains low because of radiation limitations and collocation requirements. Higher data rates with fixed transmit power result in range degeradation. With modern error correction codes having almost achieved Shannon's limit, the desired data transmission rates can be achieved only via space diversity: MIMO (multiple input, multiple output), SIMO (single input, multiple output) or MISO (multiple input, single output) instead of SISO (single input single output). Size limitations on personal cellular telephony transceivers mandate that cellular telephony downlinks be MISO: several antennas at the base station transmitting to one antenna at the personal transceiver.

In U.S. Pat. No. 6,185,258, which patent is incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein, Alamouti et al. teach a block code for implementing both space and time diversity using two transmission antennas. Symbols are transmitted in pairs. Given two complex symbols s₀ and s₁ to transmit, first s₀ is transmitted via the first antenna and s₁ is transmitted via the second antenna, and then −s₁ is transmitted via the first antenna and s₀ is transmitted via the second antenna. At the receiver, a maximum likelihood detector recovers the two symbols from the received transmission.

One useful way of looking at the method of Alamouti et al. is that the two symbols are encoded as a matrix

$\begin{pmatrix} s_{0} & {- s_{1}^{*}} \\ s_{1} & s_{0}^{*} \end{pmatrix}.$

Each row of this matrix corresponds to a different transmission antenna. Each column of this matrix corresponds to a different transmission time. If the symbols are normalized, as for example in PSK modulation, this matrix is unitary. The only constraint, however, on the matrix is that it is unitary. The two symbols s₀ and s₁ are otherwise independent. In other so-called “space time block codes”, the matrix elements are selected in an effort to optimize channel diversity. For example, A. Shokrollahi et al., in “Representation theory for high rate multiple antenna code design (IEEE Trans. Information Theory vol. 47 no. 6 pp. 2335-2367, September 2001) studied the use of unitary matrix representations of fixed-point-free groups for this purpose. Given 2^(m) such matrices, each of the 2^(m) possible binary patterns for m bits is allocated to a respective one of the matrices. The data to be transmitted are partitioned into groups of m bits. For each group, the corresponding matrix is transmitted.

For example, one 2×2 representation of the quaternion group Q₂ is:

$Q_{i} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$ $Q_{j} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ {- 1} & 0 \end{pmatrix}$ $Q_{k} = \begin{pmatrix} i & 0 \\ 0 & {- i} \end{pmatrix}$ $Q_{i} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & {- i} \\ {- i} & 0 \end{pmatrix}$

and their negatives. The eight possible binary patterns of three bits are allocated as follows: (0,0,0) to Q_(i), (1,0,0) to Q_(j), (0,0,1) to Q_(k), (1,0,1) to Q_(l), (0,1,1) to −Q_(i), (1,1,1) to −Q_(j), (0,1,0) to −Q_(k) and (1,1,0) to −Q_(l). The data to be transmitted is partitioned into triplets of bits. To transmit the bit triplet “0,0,0”, first the first transmitter transmits the number “1” while the second transmitter is silent, and then the second transmitter transmits the number “1” while the first transmitter is silent. To transmit the bit triplet “1,0,0”, first the second transmitter transmits the number “−1” while the first transmitter is silent, and then the first transmitter transmits the number “1” while the second transmitter is silent. To transmit the bit triplet “0,0,1”, first the first transmitter transmits the number “i” while the second transmitter is silent, and then the second transmitter transmits the number “−i” while the first transmitter is silent. To transmit the bit triplet “1,0,1”, first the second transmitter transmits the number “−i” while the first transmitter is silent, and then the first transmitter transmits the number “−i” while the second transmitter is silent. To transmit the bit triplet “0,1,1”, first the first transmitter transmits the number “−1” while the second transmitter is silent, and then the second transmitter transmits the number “−1” while the first transmitter is silent. To transmit the bit triplet “1,1,1”, first the second transmitter transmits the number “1” while the first transmitter is silent, and then the first transmitter transmits the number “−1” while the second transmitter is silent. To transmit the bit triplet “0,1,0”, first the first transmitter transmits the number “−i” while the second transmitter is silent, and then the second transmitter transmits the number “i” while the first transmitter is silent. To transmit the bit triplet “1,1,0”, first the second transmitter transmits the number “i” while the first transmitter is silent, and then the first transmitter transmits the number “i” while the second transmitter is silent. “Transmitting” a complex number means modulating a carrier wave according to the number, for example by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by the absolute value of the number and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by the phase of the number. (So in the above example, silencing an antenna is equivalent to transmitting the number “0” via that antenna.)

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a generalization of the prior art fixed-point-free matrix representations that further optimizes the diversity achieved using space time block codes.

According to the present invention there is provided a method of transmitting data, including the steps of: (a) providing a set of at least 2^(m) n×n matrices that represent an extension of a fixed-point-free group, each matrix including n² matrix elements, where m is a positive integer and n is an integer greater than 1; (b) allocating each binary number between 0 and binary 2^(m)−1 to a respective one of the matrices; (c) mapping the data into the matrices according to the allocating; and (d) for each matrix into which the data are mapped, transmitting the matrix elements of the each matrix.

According to the present invention there is provided a transmitter for transmitting data, including: (a) a coder for mapping the data into a set of 2^(m) n×n matrices obtained by providing a set of at least 2^(m) n×n matrices that represent an extension of a fixed-point-free group and allocating each binary number between 0 and binary 2′-1 to a respective one of the at least 2^(m) matrices, each matrix into which the data are mapped including n² matrix elements, m being a positive integer, n being an integer greater than 1, the mapping being according to the allocating; and (b) at least one antenna for transmitting the matrix elements.

According to the basic method of the present invention, a set of at least 2^(m) n×n matrices is provided, where m is a positive integer and n is an integer greater than 1. Each matrix includes n² (generally complex) matrix elements. The set represents an extension of a fixed-point-free group. In other words, the set includes a complete set of matrices that form a representation of a fixed-point-free group, and also includes at least one other matrix. To a respective one of each of 2^(m) of the matrices is allocated one of the binary numbers between binary 0 and binary 2^(m)−1. To transmit a data stream of bits, the bits are mapped into the matrices according to the allocation, meaning that the bits are considered m at a time, and the matrix corresponding to each group of m bits is determined, e.g. using a lookup table. The matrix elements of each matrix into which the bits are mapped then are transmitted.

Preferably, the columns of a transmitted matrix are transmitted successively, with each matrix element of each row being transmitted via a respective antenna (space-time diversity). Alternatively, the matrix elements of each column of a transmitted matrix are transmitted via respective antennas, and the matrix elements of each row of a transmitted matrix are transmitted at respective frequencies (space-frequency diversity). As another alternative, the columns of a transmitted matrix are transmitted successively, with each matrix element of each row being transmitted at a respective frequency (time-frequency diversity).

In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fixed-point-free group is a quaternion group and the extension of the fixed-point-free group is a super quaternion set. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fixed-point-free group is a G_(m,r) group and the extension of the fixed-point-free group is a union of the fixed-point-free group and at least one coset determined by an element of an algebra in which the fixed-point-free group resides.

The transmitted matrix elements may be received at a receiver via either a known channel or an unknown channel.

The scope of the present invention also includes a transmitter for transmitting data. The transmitter includes a coder for mapping the data into a set of 2^(m) n×n matrices according to the method of the present invention and at least one antenna for transmitting the matrix elements. Preferably, the transmitter has n antennas, and each row of each matrix into which the data are mapped is transmitted using a respective one of the antennas.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIGS. 1 and 2 are high-level block diagrams of transmitters of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a high-level block diagram of a MIMO system;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of simulation of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is the constellation of the quaternion group Q₂;

FIG. 6 is the constellation of the super-quaternion extension Q₂∪L₂∪L₄;

FIG. 7 is an example of bit allocation for an 8PSK gray code;

FIGS. 8-20 are plots of bit error rate vs. signal-to-noise ratio for various simulations of transmission using prior art space time block codes and space time block codes of the present invention, as discussed in the Theory Section;

FIG. 21 is the constellation of the super-quaternion extension of Table 1;

FIG. 22 is the constellation of the G_(m,r) coset extension of Table 2

FIG. 23 is a plot of bit error rate vs. signal-to-noise ratio for simulations of transmission using a prior art G_(m,r) space time block code and the G_(m,r) coset extension space time block code of Table 2.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is of a method of transmitting digital data using space time is block codes. Specifically, the present invention can be used to transmit digital data with a lower bit error rate (BER) at a given signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than according to the prior art.

The principles and operation of digital data transmission according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and the accompanying description.

The theory of the present invention is described in the accompanying Theory Section. Two specific extensions of fixed-point-free groups are discussed in the Theory Section: super-quaternion extensions of quaternion groups and coset extensions of G_(m,r) groups. Table 1 lists an exemplary set of 2×2 matrix representations of the super-quaternion extension S_(Q) ₂ _(,7,2), along with the associated bit allocations. Table 2 lists an exemplary set of 3×3 matrix representations of a coset extension of G_(63,37), along with the associated bit allocations. The constellations of these two extensions are shown in FIGS. 21 and 22, respectively.

Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1, which is based on the Figures of U.S. Pat. No. 6,185,258, is a high-level block diagram of a transmitter 10 of the present invention. Transmitter 10 includes a coder 12, a modulation and transmission section 14 and two antennas 16 and 18. Coder 12 receives an incoming stream of data bits to transmit and maps the bits, eight at a time, into the matrices of Table 1. For each matrix, modulation and transmission section 14 modulates a carrier wave according to the elements of the matrix and transmits the modulated carrier wave via antennas 16 and 18. First, modulation and transmission section 14 modulates the carrier wave according to the 1,1 matrix element and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 16, while also modulating the carrier wave according to the 2,1 matrix element and transmitting the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 18. Then, modulation and transmission section 14 modulates the carrier wave according to the 1,2 matrix element and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 16, while also modulating the carrier wave according to the 2,2 matrix element and transmitting the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 18.

For example, to transmit the bit pattern “00100011” (binary 67), the matrix

$\quad\begin{pmatrix} {{- 0.8944}i} & {- 0.4472} \\ 0.4472 & {0.8944i} \end{pmatrix}$

is transmitted. First, modulation and transmission section 14 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.8944 and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by −90°, and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 16. Simultaneously, modulation and transmission section 14 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.4472 without shifting the phase of the carrier wave, and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 18. Then, modulation and transmission section 14 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.4472 and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by 180°, and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 16. Simultaneously, modulation and transmission section 14 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.8944 and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by 90°, and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 18.

At the receiver, the received signal is demodulated and conventional maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate the transmitted matrix. Then the bit pattern associated with the closest matrix, in a look-up table identical to Table 1, to the estimated matrix is interpreted as the transmitted bit pattern.

The receiver may receive the signal via a known channel or via an unknown channel. In a known channel, the receiver knows the channel response from every transmitter antenna to every receiver antenna. For example, in some channels, before the transmission of a block of data, a predefined preamble is transmitted. The receiver learns the characteristics of the channel from the preamble. If the channel characteristics change much more slowly than the time it takes to transmit a block of data, the channel is considered “known”. Otherwise, the channel is considered “unknown”. Both cases are treated in the Theory Section.

FIG. 10 shows the bit error rate (BER) obtained in several simulations of transmitting using super-quaternion extensions of quaternion groups, vs. signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), compared with simulations of transmitting using two prior art space time block codes. The results using the super-quaternion extension of Table 1 are labeled “Rate 4 Super Quaternion” in FIG. 10.

An alternative transmitter 30 of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2. Transmitter 30 includes a coder 32, a modulation and transmission section 34 and three antennas 36, 38 and 40. Coder 32 receives an incoming stream of data bits to transmit and maps the bits, nine at a time, into the matrices of Table 2. For each matrix, modulation and transmission section 34 modulates a carrier wave according to the elements of the matrix and transmits the modulated carrier wave via antennas 36, 38 and 40. First, modulation and transmission section 34 modulates the carrier wave according to the 1,1 matrix element and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 36, while also modulating the carrier wave according to the 2,1 matrix element and transmitting the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 38, and while also modulating the carrier wave according to the 3,1 matrix element and transmitting the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 40. Then, modulation and transmission section 34 modulates the carrier wave according to the 1,2 matrix element and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 36, while also modulating the carrier wave according to the 2,2 matrix element and transmitting the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 38, and while also modulating the carrier wave according to the 3,2 matrix element and transmitting the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 40. Finally, modulation and transmission section modulates the carrier wave according to the 1,3 matrix element and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 36, while also modulating the carrier wave according to the 2,3 matrix element and transmitting the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 38, and while also modulating the carrier wave according to the 3,3 matrix element and transmitting the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 40.

For example, to transmit the bit pattern “100111000” (binary 312), the matrix

$\quad\begin{pmatrix} {{- 0.4460} - {0.1866i}} & {{- 0.5437} + {0.4109i}} & {0.3838 - {0.3929i}} \\ {{- 0.05577} + {0.3449i}} & {0.0970 + {0.1204i}} & {0.2427 + {0.6980i}} \\ {0.1845 - {0.5497i}} & {0.5460 + {0.4621i}} & {0.3655 + {0.1364i}} \end{pmatrix}$

is transmitted. First, modulation and transmission section 34 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.4835 (the absolute value of the 1,1 matrix element) and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by −156.0° (the phase of the 1,1 matrix element), and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 36. Simultaneously, modulation and transmission section 34 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.6557 (the absolute value of the 2,1 matrix element) and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by 148.3° (the phase of the 2,1 matrix element), and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 38. Also simultaneously, modulation and transmission section 34 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.5798 (the absolute value of the 3,1 matrix element) and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by −71.4° (the phase of the 3,1 matrix element), and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 40. Then, modulation and transmission section 34 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.6815 (the absolute value of the 1,2 matrix element) and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by 142.9° (the phase of the 1,2 matrix element), and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 36. Simultaneously, modulation and transmission section 34 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.1546 (the absolute value of the 2,2 matrix element) and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by 51.1° (the phase of the 2,2 matrix element), and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 38. Also simultaneously, modulation and transmission section 34 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.7153 (the absolute value of the 3,2 matrix element) and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by 40.20 (the phase of the 3,2 matrix element), and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 40. Finally, modulation and transmission section 34 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.5493 (the absolute value of the 1,3 matrix element) and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by ˜45.7 (the phase of the 1,3 matrix element), and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 36. Simultaneously, modulation and transmission section 34 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.7390 (the absolute value of the 2,3 matrix element) and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by 70.8° (the phase of the 2,3 matrix element), and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 38. Also simultaneously, modulation and transmission section 34 modulates the carrier wave by multiplying the amplitude of the carrier wave by 0.3501 (the absolute value of the 3,3 matrix element) and shifting the phase of the carrier wave by 20.5° (the phase of the 3,3 matrix element), and transmits the thus-modulated carrier wave via antenna 40.

At the receiver, the received signal is demodulated and conventional maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate the transmitted matrix. Then the bit pattern associated with the closest matrix, in a look-up table identical to Table 2, to the estimated matrix is interpreted as the transmitted bit pattern.

FIG. 23 shows the BER obtained in a simulation of transmitting using the G_(m,r) coset extension of Table 2 vs. SNR, compared with a simulation of transmitting using a prior art G_(m,r) group.

While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications and other applications of the invention may be made.

Theory Section Abstract

Space Time Block Codes (STBC) are designed for Multiple Input—Multiple Output (MIMO) channels. The recently developed advanced codes (Turbo codes and LDPC) have been able to achieve rates at almost the channels' capacity in Single Input—Single Output (SISO) channels. Given a fixed transmit power and bandwidth it is necessary to take advantage of space diversity if one wishes to exceed the Shannon limit for data rate. Furthermore, in order to avoid errors, SISO fading channels require long coding blocks and interleavers that result in high delays. STBC codes take advantage of space-time diversity to reduce errors. Joined STBC with error correction codes can achieve high rates with low Bit Error Rate (BER) at low delays.

Early STBC, that where developed by Alamouti [2] for known channels and by Tarokh [3] for unknown channels, have been proven to increase the performance of channels characterized by Rayleigh fading. It has been shown in [4,6] that the diversity of STBC codes is a good criterion for its performance. Codes that are based on groups or division algebras have by definition non-zero diversity and therefore they are suitable for STBC in order to achieve high rates at low Symbol to Noise Ratio (SNR). This work presents a new high diversity group based on STBC with improved performance both in known and unknown channels.

1. INTRODUCTION

Current communications data rates increase rapidly in order to support endpoint application requirements for ever growing bandwidth and communication speed. While 1st generation cellular equipment supported up to 9.6 kbps data rate, 2nd generation cellular supported up to 57.6 kbps rates, and today, 3rd generation standards support up to 384 kbps rates (local area coverage of up to 2 Mbps). The WLAN standard 802.11a supports up to 54 Mbps and 802.11b supports up to 11 Mbps, while the maximal data rate of the 802.11 standard is 3 Mbps.

Although the rates of the communication standards are increasing, the transmit power remains low due to radiation limitations and collocation requirements. Naturally, higher data rates with fixed transmit power result in range degradation. Since Shannon's limit has almost been achieved by recently developed error correction codes, it is necessary to exceed SISO channels performance by taking advantage of space diversity. FIG. 3 illustrates a typical MIMO system.

2. PREVIEW ON STBC

In this section we give a short preview on STBC and the motivation for using receive and transmit diversity.

2.1. STBC Constellation

The STBC codes, that we presented here are based on constellations of the form α·e^(iβ)=a+i·b, where α is the amplitude of the modulation and β is the phase of the modulation. When we refer to a code we mean a set of matrices, where each matrix is a codeword.

The matrices represent n² constellations each (for n-transmit diversity) where the column represents the transmission antenna and the row represents the time. If the matrix {c_(ij)}_(i,j=1) ^(n) is transmitted at times T, T+1, . . . , T+n−1 then the symbol c_(ij) will be transmitted at time i from antenna j. The following example illustrates the transmission of a code word c_(ij) for 2-transmit diversity (n=2) at times T, T+1:

Time Antenna 1 Antenna 2 T C₁₁ C₁₂ T + 1 C₂₁ C₂₂

Transmit diversity refers to multiple transmitter antennas, and receive diversity refers to multiple receiver antennas. The STBC codes are usually designed according to the Transmit diversity, while receive diversity has merely effect on the performance. The receiver estimates the transmitted codeword according to n (n is the number of transmitter antennas) time samples from the receiver antennas.

We consider two channel types:

-   Known Channel In a known channel the receiver knows the channel     response from every transmitter antenna to every receiver antenna.     For example, in some channels before the transmission of every data     block, a predefined preamble is transmitted and the receiver learns     the channel from the preamble. If the channel changes much slower     than the data block length then the channel is considered to be     known. -   Unknown Channel In this case the receiver has no knowledge of the     channel, and the data has to be decoded differentially as shown in     section 9.

2.2 Channel Model

Multipath channels in urban and suburban areas are very difficult to estimate. Beside the specific dependency on place, speed, and surrounding moving objects (cars, people) the channels characteristics are specific to topography, building style and density, frequency, antenna height, type of terrain and other parameters. Small change in one of these parameters may affect completely the channel response. Many channel response simplification models have been introduced to estimate the channel performance. Some of the most commonly used models are given below.

-   -   Free Space The only accurate model. The path loss L (power loss         due to channel response) in this case depends entirely on the         distance R (and on the atmosphere at frequencies above 20 Ghz):

$L \propto {\frac{1}{R^{2}}.}$

-   -   Flat Land: Mathematical estimation of a path loss for a line of         sight channels over flat land with low antennas (the height of         antennas is much smaller than the distance between them). The         loss is given by

$L \propto {\frac{1}{R^{4}}.}$

-   -   Egli: This propagation model takes into account experimental         dependency of the path loss on the frequency f:

$L \propto \frac{1}{R^{4}f^{2}}$

-   -   TIREM, ITU-R: Experimental models that give path loss estimation         based on field experiments.     -   Rice: A random model for a line of sight channel that involves         multipath.     -   Rayleigh: A random model for multipath channels without line of         sight. The channel's response in this model (for a SISO channel)         is

$\begin{matrix} {Y = {{\alpha \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left( {\upsilon_{1} + {i\; \upsilon_{2}}} \right)X}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

-   -    where X is the transmitted symbol, Y the received symbol, α is         a constant that equals the average absolute path loss, and ν₁,ν₂         are i.i.d. normal Gaussian variables.

The model used in our simulations is the Rayleigh model [12], which is adequate for urban communications with no line of sight. The channel's response of a MIMO channel (FIG. 3) is represented by the matrix

$R = \begin{pmatrix} r_{11} & r_{12} & \cdots & r_{1m} \\ r_{21} & r_{22} & \cdots & r_{2m} \\ \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ r_{n\; 1} & r_{n\; 2} & \cdots & r_{n\; m} \end{pmatrix}$

where r_(ij) is the path loss from transmitter antenna i to receiver antenna j, i=1, . . . , n, j=1, . . . , m, n is the transmit diversity, and m is the receive diversity. r_(ij) are assumed to be independent (this is usually the case when all the antennas are placed more than half wavelength from each other) and the distribution of r_(ij) is given by EQ. 1.

The channel's noise at the receiver antennas is assumed to be i.i.d normal Gaussian noise, with random, uniformly distributed phase. Since the total transmission power over all the transmitter's antennas is normalized to 1, the average SNR at the receiver antennas is a from EQ. 1, given in dB.

The new proposed algorithms were simulated to estimate their performance. The simulations were performed over a large number of independent tests to assure accurate results. All symbols/bits at the bit/symbol generator were chosen randomly and independently and the channel noise was generated as i.i.d. normal Gaussian noise for all time samples and receiver antennas. At the known channel simulations the channel response was generated independently for each codeword and was also delivered to the receiver as side information. At the unknown channel simulations the channel response was generated for a block of codewords, while the first codeword in every block was transmitted as reference and was not estimated in order to eliminate simulation dependency (for large enough number of tests) on block length. The bit allocation was decided prior to the simulation according to numerical optimization simulations. In cases bit allocation was not possible the symbols were generated directly and the BER was estimated according to chapter 7. The flow of the simulation scheme is given in FIG. 4.

-   -   Random Bit Generator: Simulates the information bits of an         information source for codes with integral rate. The bits are         equally distributed and independent.     -   Bit Allocation: This procedure allocates the bits into channel         symbols. The bits are allocated optimally to achieve minimal         error probability. The algorithm allocates closer symbols to         codewords with smaller hamming distance (section 7).     -   Symbol Generator: In the case of codes with a non-integral rate         the symbols are generated directly with no bit allocation. All         symbols are i.i.d.     -   Space Time Realization: This procedure represents the codewords         as matrices, as described in section 2.1.     -   Channel Response Generator: Simulates Rayleigh fading channel.         Every transmitted symbol is multiplied by the channel response         (elaborated at section 2.2). The variance of the channel's         response is calculated according to the SNR (EQ. 1).     -   Channel Noise Generator: Gaussian white noise is added to the         receiver antennas. The variance of the noise is set to 1.     -   Receiver realization: This procedure calculates the received         symbols for every receiver antenna according to the transmitted         codewords, the channel response and the channel noise.     -   Maximum Likelihood Estimator: For every Block of received         symbols (the size of the block is the number of transmitter         antennas) we estimate the maximum likelihood transmitted         codeword. When known channel is simulated all the channel         response parameters are given to the ‘Maximum Likelihood         Estimator’ as side information. When unknown channel is         simulated the estimation is made differentially according to the         previous received symbols (section 9).     -   Bit Translation: The symbols are translated back into bits (for         codes with whole rates).     -   Comparator: The BER is calculated by comparing the transmitted         symbols/bits to the received symbols/bits and averaging over a         large number of samples. The calculations of BER are elaborated         in section 7.

2.3. Diversity and Error Probability

In this section we will assume that the receiver has perfect knowledge of the channel (i.e. in noiseless channel there would have been a perfect reconstruction). We assume that the number of transmitters is n and the number of receivers is m. Given that the codeword

{right arrow over (c)}=c₁ ¹c₁ ² . . . c₁ ^(n)c₂ ¹c₂ ² . . . c₂ ^(n)c₃ ¹ . . . c_(n) ¹ . . . c_(n) ^(n)

was transmitted, then the received signal,

{right arrow over (d)}=d₁ ¹d₁ ² . . . d₁ ^(m)d₂ ¹d₂ ² . . . d₂ ^(m)d₃ ¹ . . . d_(n) ¹ . . . d_(n) ^(m)

is given by

${d_{t}^{j} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\left( {\alpha_{i,j}c_{t}^{i}\sqrt{E_{s}}} \right)} + v_{t}^{j}}},{1 \leq j \leq m}$

where j is the receiver antenna and t is the time sample, α_(i,j) is the channel response from transmitter i to receiver j, c_(t) ^(i) is the transmitted signal from transmitter i at time t, E_(s) is the normalization factor for the transmission power in order to keep the average constellation equal to 1, v_(t) ^(j) is a Gaussian white noise at the receiver antenna.

Consider that the following signal

{right arrow over (e)}=e₁ ¹e₁ ² . . . e₁ ^(n)e₂ ¹e₂ ² . . . e₂ ^(n)e₃ ¹ . . . e_(k) ¹ . . . e_(k) ^(n)

is the receiver's decision upon maximum-likelihood criteria.

When white Gaussian noise is present, the probability of deciding in favor of e, when c was transmitted is ([6,4]):

${{P\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{c}\overset{\rightarrow}{e}} \middle| \alpha_{i,j} \right)} = {{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi \; N_{0}}}{\int_{{d{({c,e})}} \leq {d{({c,e^{\prime}})}}}^{\infty}{^{- \frac{d^{2}{({c,e^{\prime}})}}{N_{0}}}{e^{\prime}}}}} \leq ^{{- {d^{2}{({c,e})}}}{E_{s}/4}N_{0}}}},{1 \leq i \leq n},{1 \leq j \leq m}$

where N₀/2 is the noise variance per receiver's element and

${d^{2}\left( {c,e} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{m}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{k}{{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\alpha_{i,j}\left( {c_{j}^{i} - e_{t}^{i}} \right)}}}^{2}.}}}$

Define Ω_(j)(α_(1,j), . . . , α_(n,j)). We get after some manipulations that

${d^{2}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{c},\overset{\rightarrow}{e}} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{m}{\Omega_{j}{A\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{c},\overset{\rightarrow}{e}} \right)}\Omega_{j}^{*}}}$ where A_(pq) = (c₁^(p) − e₁^(p), c₂^(p) − e₂^(p), … , c_(k)^(p) − e_(k)^(p))(c₁^(q) − e₁^(q), c₂^(q) − e₂^(q), …  , c_(k)^(q) − e_(k)^(q))^(*)

and * is the conjugate-transpose (conjugate for scalars). Thus, the error probability can be estimated to be

$\begin{matrix} {{{P\left( {{\overset{\_}{c}->\overset{\_}{e}}\alpha_{i,j}} \right)} \leq {\prod\limits_{j = 1}^{m}\; ^{{- \Omega_{j}}{A{({\overset{\_}{c},\overset{\_}{e}})}}\Omega_{j}^{*}{E_{s}/4}\; N_{0}}}},{1 \leq i \leq n},{1 \leq j \leq {m.}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

Since A({right arrow over (c)}, {right arrow over (e)}) is a Hermitian matrix there exists a unitary matrix V, which consists of the eigenvectors of A, such that VA(c,e)V*=D is diagonal. D_(i,i)=Λ_(i) are the eigenvalues. Clearly, the matrix

${B\left( {\overset{\_}{c},\overset{\_}{e}} \right)} = {\begin{pmatrix} {c_{1}^{1} - e_{1}^{1}} & {c_{2}^{1} - e_{2}^{1}} & \ldots & {c_{k}^{1} - e_{k}^{1}} \\ \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ {c_{1}^{n} - e_{1}^{n}} & {c_{2}^{n} - e_{2}^{n}} & \ldots & {c_{k}^{n} - e_{k}^{2}} \end{pmatrix}.}$

is a square root of A(c,e), i.e A({right arrow over (c)},{right arrow over (e)})=B({right arrow over (c)},{right arrow over (e)})*B({right arrow over (c)},{right arrow over (e)}).

Let

$\begin{matrix} {\overset{\_}{B_{j}}\overset{\Delta}{=}{\left( {B_{1},j,\ldots \mspace{14mu},\beta_{n,j}} \right) = {\Omega_{j}V^{*}}}} & (3) \\ {then} & \; \\ {{\Omega_{j}{A\left( {\overset{\_}{c},\overset{\_}{e}} \right)}\Omega_{j}^{*}} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\; {\lambda_{i}{{\beta_{i,j}}^{2}.}}}} & \; \end{matrix}$

Now we can estimate the probability of EQ. 2 by:

$\begin{matrix} {{{P\left( {{\overset{\_}{c}->\overset{\_}{e}}\left\{ a_{i,j} \right\}} \right)} \leq {\prod\limits_{j = 1}^{m}\; ^{{\frac{- E_{s}}{4\; N_{0}}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\lambda_{i}{\beta_{i,j}}^{2}}}}\;}}},{1 \leq i \leq n},{1 \leq j \leq {m.}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

Assume we have an independent channel response among different paths (i.e. α_(i,j) are independent). Since V is unitary, it is easy to show using definition 3 that β_(i,j) are i.i.d. After averaging over β_(i,j), we get for Rayleigh fading the following expression:

${{P\left( {{\overset{\_}{c}->\overset{\_}{e}}\alpha_{i,j}} \right)} \leq \left( \frac{1}{\prod\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\; \left( {1 + {\lambda_{i}{E_{s}/4}\; N_{0}}} \right)} \right)^{m}},{1 \leq i \leq n},{1 \leq j \leq {m.}}$

We can assume for high SNR that 1+λ_(i)E_(s)/4N₀ λ_(i)E_(s)/4N₀, then

$\begin{matrix} {{{P\left( {{\overset{\_}{c}->\overset{\_}{e}}\alpha_{i,j}} \right)} \leq {\left( {\prod\limits_{i = 1}^{r}\; \lambda_{i}} \right)^{- m}\left( {{E_{s}/4}\; N_{0}} \right)^{{- r}\; m}}},{1 \leq i \leq n},{1 \leq j \leq m}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

where r is the number of non-zero eigenvalues of A.

By assuming that A is regular (r=n), we get

${{\prod\limits_{i = 1}^{r}\; \lambda_{i}} = {\det (A)}},$

but |A|=|B|² and therefore

P({right arrow over (c)}→{right arrow over (e)}|α _(i,j))≦|B| ^(−2m)(E _(x)/4N ₀)^(−rm), 1≦i≦n, 1≦j≦m.

Since B is the difference between two distinct signals, c and e, we define the diversity to be

$\zeta \overset{\Delta}{=}{\frac{1}{2}\min {{\det \left( {C_{l} - C_{l^{\prime}}} \right)}}^{\frac{1}{m}}}$

for all distinct code words C_(l) and C_(l′). It is obvious that codes that assure maximal diversity will achieve smaller error probabilities.

2.4. Receive and Transmit Diversity

The STBC codes are designed to take advantage of the transmit diversity. However, it is a well known fact that the capacity and the performance of a MIMO channel depends on the receive diversity. The standard formula for Shannon capacity is given by:

C=log₂(1+ρ|H| ²)  (6)

where ρ is the transmission power (normalized to the channel noise) and H is the channel transfer power characteristic. Assume that the transmitted signals at the transmitter's antennas are independent, have equal power and mutually Gaussian distributed. The capacity of a MIMO channel [12] is:

C=log₂ [det(I _(N)+(ρ/N)HH*)] bps/Hz.  (7)

For example, for N independent deterministic channels, i.e. H=I_(N), we get

$\begin{matrix} {{\lim\limits_{N->\infty}C_{N}} = {{\lim\limits_{N->\infty}{N \cdot {\log_{2}\left( {1 + \left( {\rho/N} \right)} \right)}}} = {\rho/{{\ln (2)}.}}}} & (8) \end{matrix}$

The capacity in this case is linear with ρ, while the dependency is logarithmic in Eq. 6. Next we consider the case of M receiver antennas and a single transmitter antenna. The capacity is:

$\begin{matrix} {C = {{\log_{2}\left( {1 + {\rho {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{M}\; {H_{i}}^{2}}}} \right)}.}} & (9) \end{matrix}$

For a Rayleigh fading channel the capacity of this channel is:

$\begin{matrix} {C = {{\log_{2}\left( {1 + {\rho \cdot \chi_{2\; M}^{2}}} \right)}.}} & (10) \\ {where} & \; \\ {{\chi_{2\; M}^{2} \propto {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{2\; M}\; {X_{i}^{2}\mspace{14mu} {and}\mspace{14mu} X_{i}\mspace{14mu} {are}\mspace{14mu} {i.i.d}}}},{X_{i} = {{{NORMAL}\left( {0,{1/\sqrt{2}}} \right)}.}}} & \; \end{matrix}$

The capacity of a MIMO channel with N transmitter antennas and a single receiver antenna in a fading channel is

C=log₂(1+ρχ₂ ²).  (11)

The inferior capacity of transmit diversity, compared to receive diversity, is due to the constraint on the overall transmit power. The capacity of a SISO fading channel is

C=log₂(1+ρχ₂ ²).  (12)

Due to the convexity of the log function the MIMO channel with transmit diversity has in average a larger capacity than the SISO channel.

From EQ. 5 we can see that the error probability depends exponentially on the number of receiver antennas, for a fixed transmit diversity. FIG. 20 shows the improved performance when two receiver antennas are used.

3. PRIOR RELATED WORK

In this section we present a short review of known STBC constellations that are based on algebraic structures. The new STBC codes, developed in this invention, resemble some of the codes presented in this section.

3.1. Usage of Group Structures for Space Time Coding

The usage of groups to design unitary space-time constellations has high potential to provide constellations with good diversity product. We will review some of these groups which were analyzed in [8].

Cyclic Groups:

Cyclic groups are used for differential modulation in [7], and also referred to as “diagonal designs”. The elements of these groups are diagonal Lth roots of unity.

V_(l)=V_(s) ^(l) and V _(s) =diag[e ^(i2πu) ¹ ^(/L) , . . . , e ^(i2πu) ^(m) ^(/L)].

The u_(m) are chosen to maximize the diversity product ζ_(V), which is given by

$\begin{matrix} {\zeta_{V} = {\frac{1}{2}{\min\limits_{{0\; l} < l^{\prime} < L}{{\det \left( {V_{l} - V_{l^{\prime}}} \right)}}^{\frac{1}{M}}}}} \\ {= {\frac{1}{2}{\min\limits_{{l = 1},\ldots \mspace{14mu},{L - 1}}{{\det\left( {I - V_{l}} \right)}}^{\frac{1}{M}}}}} \\ {= {\frac{1}{2}{\min\limits_{{l = 1},\ldots \mspace{14mu},{L - 1}}{{\det\left( {{diag}\left\lbrack {{1 - ^{\; 2\; \pi \; {u_{i}/L}}},\ldots \mspace{14mu},{1 - ^{\; 2\; \pi \; {u_{m}/L}}}} \right\rbrack} \right)}}^{\frac{1}{M}}}}} \\ {= {\frac{1}{2}{\min\limits_{{l = 1},\ldots \mspace{14mu},{L - 1}}{{{\prod\limits_{i = 1}^{M}\; 1} - ^{\; 2\; \pi \; {u_{i}/L}}}}^{\frac{1}{M}}}}} \\ {= {\frac{1}{2}{\min\limits_{{l = 1},\ldots \mspace{14mu},{L - 1}}{{\prod\limits_{i = 1}^{M}\; {^{\mspace{11mu} \pi \; {u_{i}/L}}\left( {^{{- }\; \pi \; {u_{i}/L}} - ^{\; \pi \; {u_{i}/L}}} \right)}}}^{\frac{1}{M}}}}} \\ {= {\min\limits_{{l = 1},\ldots \mspace{14mu},{L - 1}}{{\prod\limits_{i = 1}^{M}\; \frac{^{\mspace{11mu} \pi \; {u_{i}/L}} - ^{{- }\; \pi \; {u_{i}/L}}}{2}}}^{\frac{1}{M}}}} \\ {= {\min\limits_{{l = 1},\ldots \mspace{14mu},{L - 1}}{{{\prod\limits_{i = 1}^{M}\; {\sin \frac{\pi \; u_{i}l}{L}}}}^{\frac{1}{M}}.}}} \end{matrix}$

In this constellation, the transmitter's antennas are activated one at a time, sequentially, and in the same order. Notice that these groups are Abelian (commutative), and that they have full diversity, i.e. positive diversity. Diagonal designs perform well in low rates, but other works such as in [8] tried to find designs with matrices that are not “sparse” and will achieve good diversity at high rates.

Quaternion Groups:

The quaternion groups are also called “dicyclic groups” in [9], and have the form

Q _(p)=<α,β|+² ^(p) =1,β²=α² ^(p−1) ,βα=α⁻¹β>, p≧1

where <·> refers to the groups generated from the elements that are in the brackets. The group order is L=2^(p+1). The matrix representation for the 2×2 quaternion group appears in [9], so the rate of the constellations will be R=(p+1)/2 and the group is generated from two unitary matrices:

${\langle{\begin{pmatrix} ^{2\; \pi \; {i/2^{p}}} & 0 \\ 0 & ^{{- 2}\; \pi \; {i/2^{p}}} \end{pmatrix},\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ {- 1} & 0 \end{pmatrix}}\rangle}.$

These groups will be used in our work for the development of new constellations, which are not necessarily groups, but have high diversity, and exceedingly good performance at low SNR. Fixed Point Free Groups:

A necessary condition for a finite group of matrices to have full diversity (ζ>0) is that it be fixed point free. These types of groups were explored by Burnside, Zassenhaus, Amitsur and others. Cyclic groups and quaternion groups are specific examples of such groups. A recent comprehensive survey is [8]. There are six types of fix-point free groups: G_(m,r), D_(m,r,l), E_(m,r), F_(m,r,l), J_(m,r) and K_(m,r,l). G_(m,r), for example, has the form of

G_(m,r)=<a,b|a^(m)=1,b^(n)=a^(t),ba=a^(r)b>  (13)

where n is the order of r modulo m (i.e. n is the smallest positive integer such that r^(n)≡1 mod m), t=m/gcd(r−1,m), and gcd(n,t)=1. The matrix representation of G_(m,r) is A^(s)B^(k), s=0, . . . , m−1, k=0, . . . , n−1 where

$\begin{matrix} {{A = \begin{pmatrix} \xi & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & \xi^{r} & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \xi^{r^{2}} & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & \xi^{r^{n - 1}} \end{pmatrix}},{B = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 \\ \xi^{t} & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \end{pmatrix}}} & (14) \\ {{{and}\mspace{14mu} \xi} = {^{2\; \pi \; {i/m}}.}} & \; \end{matrix}$

It can be proved that a finite group is fixed-point-free if and only if it is isomorphic to one of the above six groups [8]. Many of the fixed-point-free group representations have good diversity product and therefore provide high rate constellations. 3.2. Extensions for Group-Related Structures

Although we saw that group constellations have better chance to have full diversity, sometimes the group constraint does not really help, and we may want to look at matrix sets that are not necessarily groups. Moreover, there is a strong motivation to develop group-related structures, that still have small number of distinct pairwise distances.

Orthogonal Designs:

Orthogonal designs were introduced in the early stages of space-time codes development (see [5,2]). A complex orthogonal design of size N is an N×N unitary matrix whose rows are permutations of complex numbers ±x₁, ±x₂, . . . , ±x_(n), their conjugates ±x₁*, ±₂*, . . . , ±x_(n)*, or multiples of these indeterminates by ±√{square root over (−1)}. The matrix representation of orthogonal designs for two transmitter antennas is:

$\begin{matrix} {{O\; {D\left( {x,y} \right)}} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} x & {- y^{*}} \\ y & x^{*} \end{pmatrix}}} & (15) \end{matrix}$

where x and y are subject to a power constraint. In order to have unitary matrices we can use the constraint that |x|²=|y|²=1. The unitary constellations are then obtained by letting x,y be the Qth roots of unity, so

V={OD(x,y)|x,yε{1,e ^(2πi/Q) , . . . , e ^(2πi(Q−1)/Q)}}.  (16)

These constellations do not generally form a group, but perform well as space-time block codes [5]. Nongroup Generalizations of G_(m,r):

As shown in this section G_(m,r) (Eq. 6) has a matrix representation of dimension n, where n is a function of m and r. We can try and relax the constraint on the elements of the matrices that form G_(m,r) and look at the general case of the set S_(m,s), consisting of the matrices A^(l)B^(k) where l=0, . . . , m−1, k=0, . . . , min(s,n),

$\begin{matrix} {{A = \begin{pmatrix} \alpha^{u_{1}} & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & \alpha^{u_{2}} & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \alpha^{u_{3}} & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & \alpha^{u_{n}} \end{pmatrix}},{B = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 \\ \beta & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \end{pmatrix}}} & (17) \end{matrix}$

where α,β are the primitive mth and sth roots of unity, and u₁, . . . , u_(n) are integers. Deeper analysis of these constellations can be found in [8].

Products of Group Representations:

Consider two fixed-point free groups S_(A) and S_(B) and their unitary M×M matrix representations {A₁, . . . , A_(L) _(A) } and {B₁, . . . , B_(L) _(B) }, respectively. Now we look at the set of pairwise product

S_(A,B)={A_(j)B_(k)|j=1, . . . , L_(A), k=1, L_(B)}.  (18)

S_(A,B) has at most L_(A)L_(B) distinct elements, and the constellation rate is at most R=R_(A)+R_(B). The diversity product is then:

$\begin{matrix} {\zeta_{s} = {\frac{1}{2}{\min\limits_{{({j,k})} \neq {({j^{\prime},k^{\prime}})}}{{\det \left( {{A_{j}B_{k}} - {A_{j^{\prime}}B_{k^{\prime}}}} \right)}}^{\frac{1}{M}}}}} \\ {= {\frac{1}{2}{\min\limits_{{({j,k})} \neq {({j^{\prime},k^{\prime}})}}{{{\det\left( A_{j^{\prime}}^{- 1} \right)}{\det \left( {{A_{j}B_{k}} - {A_{j^{\prime}}B_{k^{\prime}}}} \right)}{\det\left( B_{k}^{- 1} \right)}}}^{\frac{1}{M}}}}} \\ {= {\frac{1}{2}{\min\limits_{{({j,k})} \neq {({j^{\prime},k^{\prime}})}}{{\det\left( {{A_{j^{\prime}}^{- 1}A_{j}} - {B_{k^{\prime}}B_{k}^{- 1}}} \right)}}^{\frac{1}{M}}}}} \\ {= {\frac{1}{2}{\min\limits_{{({l,l^{\prime}})} \neq {({0,0})}}{{\det \left( {A_{l} - B_{l^{\prime}}} \right)}}^{\frac{1}{M}}}}} \end{matrix}$

Notice that we use the fact that the determinant of the unitary matrix equals 1, and that S_(A) and S_(B) are groups. Finally, we see that even though S_(A,B) is not a group, it has at most L−1, rather then L(L−1)/2, distinct pairwise distances. Therefore, it has a good chance of having full diversity. Deeper analysis of group products can be found in [8].

3.3. Projective Groups and Their Performances

In order to achieve high performance space-time coding we design a code that is based on unitary matrices that provide us with good diversity product values. One of the structure that we explore is the projective groups. A projective group is a collection of elements V that satisfies the property that if A,BεV, then AB=αC where CεV and α is a scalar. In other words, the product of every two elements in V, is also an element of V, multiplied by a scalar. Projective groups have a less strict requirement to satisfy for a collection of signal matrices, but can still maintain the decoding complexity criterion. This is because for differential space time modulation, the matrix multiplication can be replaced by a group lookup table. For example, S_(a) ₁ S_(a) ₂ S_(a) ₃ S_(a) ₄ =α₁α₂α₃S_(a) ₅ .

We design a set of matrices that form a projective group by the following construction: let α,β be some non rational numbers, and let ζ=e^(2πi/3). The elements of the projective group P_(α,β,3) are given by A^(i)B^(j) where j=0, 1, 2, i=0, 1, 2 and

${B = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \beta & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}},{A = {\begin{pmatrix} \sqrt[3]{\alpha} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & {\zeta \sqrt[3]{\alpha}} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & {\zeta^{2}\sqrt[3]{\alpha}} \end{pmatrix}.}}$

The relation between α,β and the diversity product ζseems to be chaotic. Some of the diversity products for different α and β are given in the following table. In this table. R is the transmission rate, L is the size of the group, M is the number of transmitting antennas and ζ is the diversity product.

R L M ζ Group structures 1.06 9 3 0.3971 P_(α,β,3) with α = e^(2πi{square root over (5)}), β = e^(2πi{square root over (11)}) 1.06 9 3 0.4273 P_(α,β,3) with α = e^(2πi{square root over (6)}), β = e^(2πi{square root over (32)}) 1 4 2 0.3741 P_(α,β,2) with α = e^(2πi{square root over (5)}), β = e^(2πi{square root over (7)}) 1 4 2 0.7053 P_(α,β,2) with α = e^(2πi{square root over (42)}), β = e^(2πi{square root over (90)})

4. EXTENSIONS OF THE QUATERNION GROUPS—NEW STBC

This section presents new STBC codes, that are based on extensions of the quaternion groups and the performance of STBC, both for known and unknown channels.

4.1. Super Quaternion Sets

When we examine the diversity product of the matrices in the constellations that form a group with respect to matrix multiplication, we realize that the performance of the quaternion group outperforms other structures. This fact led us to search extended sets of quaternion that have more elements while preserving a high diversity product. We may lose the group structure in this construction. However, if we think of the diversity product as the minimum distance between the elements of the constellation, we can design a structure where the elements are “well-spaced”, in the sense that the distance between every two elements is sufficiently big.

We begin with 2×2 matrix representation of the quaternion group Q₂. It has eight elements. The transmission rate is R=log₂ 8/2 and the diversity product is ζ_(Q) ₂ =0.7071. The group is constructed from the set of matrices ±1, ±Q_(i), ±Q_(j), ±Q_(k) where:

$1 = {{\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}Q_{i}} = {{\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ {- 1} & 0 \end{pmatrix}Q_{j}} = {{\begin{pmatrix} i & 0 \\ 0 & {- i} \end{pmatrix}Q_{k}} = {\begin{pmatrix} 0 & {- i} \\ {- i} & 0 \end{pmatrix}.}}}}$

We now define the super-quaternion of Q₂ with n layers (explained later), for matrices of degree 2, as a set of all linear combinations of the matrices Q_(i) that satisfy:

$\begin{matrix} {S_{Q_{2},n,2} = {\left\{ {\frac{\begin{matrix} {{x_{1}Q_{i}} + {x_{2}Q_{j}} +} \\ {{x_{3}Q_{k}} + {x_{4}Q_{l}}} \end{matrix}}{\sqrt{x_{1}^{2} + x_{2}^{2} + x_{3}^{2} + x_{4}^{2}}}\begin{matrix} {{0 < {x_{1}^{2} + x_{2}^{2} + x_{3}^{2} + x_{4}^{2}} \leq n},} \\ {{x_{i}\lambda} \in Z} \end{matrix}} \right\}.}} & (19) \end{matrix}$

The matrices in S_(Q) ₂ _(,n,2) are unitary. Indeed, if q is a linear combination of matrices in Q₂, q=x₁Q_(i)+x₂Q_(j)+x₃Q_(k)+x₄Q_(l), and q is the conjugate matrix, q=x₁Q_(i)−x₂Q_(j)−x₃Q_(k)−x₄Q_(l) then q q=∥q∥²=(x₁ ²+x₂ ²+x₃ ²+x₄ ²)Q_(i)=kI. Therefore, all the elements in S_(Q) ₂ _(n,2) are normalized by 1/√{square root over (k)} and they become unitary matrices.

Super-quaternions are constructed by Layers. Assume that the quaternion group Q_(p) has a matrix representation of m×m matrices. Let S_(Q) _(p) _(,n,m) be the collection of m×m matrices, which are all linear combinations of the matrices in Q_(p), where the coefficients of the matrices are all integers and the sum of square roots of them is at most n. Then, S_(Q) _(p) _(,n,m) is written as a sequence of the layers

$\begin{matrix} {{\bigcup_{i = 1}^{n}L_{i}},{where}} & \; \\ {L_{i} = {\left\{ {{{{\sum\limits_{s = 1}^{2^{p}}\; \frac{x_{s}Q_{s}}{\sqrt{i}}}{\sum\limits_{s = 1}^{2^{p}}\; x_{s}^{2}}} = i},{x_{s} \in Z}} \right\}.}} & (20) \end{matrix}$

When p=2 and m=2 then S_(Q) ₂ _(,n,2) is a special case of this family. In this case, the set is the union of the layers L₁, . . . , L_(n). L_(i) is the set of all linear combinations of the matrices in Q₂, where the coefficients x_(i) are integers that satisfy

x ₁ ² +x ₂ ² +x ₃ ² +x ₄ ²=1.  (21)

In this case, L₁ is Q₂ in Eq. 2 and it has eight elements. The calculation of the number of elements in each layer (which is the number of solutions to EQ. 21), shows that |L₂|=24, |₃|=32, |L₄|=24,etc.

By examining the layers L_(i) of the super quaternion, we observe that in some cases the same matrix element can exist in more than one layer. If (x₁, . . . , x_(n)) is in layer L_(i), then (αx₁, αx₂, . . . , αx_(n)) must be in layer L_(α) ₂ _(i), and since the elements are normalized, the matrices are equal. Therefore, for α>1 we have L_(i) ⊂L_(α) ₂ _(i). For example, the element Q_(a)εL₁ (the solution (1,0,0,0)), is equal to element 2Q_(a)/√{square root over (4)}εL₄ (the solution (2,0,0,0)). To eliminate the duplicate elements, we have to reduce these solutions in order to calculate correctly S_(Q) ₂ _(,n,2) and its diversity product (gcd of all x_(i) is 1).

The Quaternion is a division algebra over R defined by D={a+bî+cĵ+d{circumflex over (k)}|a,b,c,dεR}, where the product of elements in D is defined by îĵ=−ĵî={circumflex over (k)}, î²=−1. Define f:D→M₂ such that f is a ring homomorphism from D to M₂, where M₂ is a set of 2×2 matrices over the complex field:

f(a+bî+cĵ+d{circumflex over (k)})=a·1+bQ _(i) +cQ _(j) +dQ _(k).

If we define the M₂ norm as determinant, then it is easy to see that f is a homomoiphism. Since D is a division algebra every element in D is invertible, so D has no two sided ideals. This means that f is either an injection or the trivial zero transform (which it is obviously is not). Since f is an injection, all the matrices in its image are regular and furthermore the difference between any two matrices in M₂ is also regular. In other words, we construct a full diversity STBC code for two transmit elements.

4.2. Super Quaternion Diversity

In this section we present the diversity of the Super Quaternion structure. First we calculate the diversity of the commonly used orthogonal design for comparison. For each couple of constellation symbols S₁, S₂ we transmit the matrix

$C_{S_{1}S_{2}} = {\begin{pmatrix} S_{1} & S_{2} \\ {- S_{2}^{*}} & S_{1}^{*} \end{pmatrix}.}$

The diversity is defined by

$\zeta = {{{\frac{1}{2}\min \; {\det \left( {C_{S_{1}S_{2}} - C_{S_{1}^{\prime}S_{2}^{\prime}}} \right)}}^{\frac{1}{m}}} = {\frac{1}{2}\min \sqrt{{{S_{1} - S_{1}^{\prime}}}^{2} + {{S_{2} - S_{2}^{\prime}}}^{2}}}}$

where the min is over all the codewords C_(S) ₁ _(S) ₂ and C_(S) ₁ _(′S) ₂ _(′). Without loss of generality, we can assume that S₁≠S′₁. In this case, we minimize the expression above by choosing S₂=S′₂. We can write ζ as:

$\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {\zeta = {{\frac{1}{2}\min {{S_{1} - S_{1}^{\prime}}}} = {{\frac{1}{2}\min {{\left( {S_{1} - S_{1}^{\prime}} \right){S_{1}^{*}/}}}S_{1}{}} =}}} \\ {{{{\frac{1}{2}\min {{{S_{1}}^{2} - {S_{1}^{\prime}{S_{1}^{*}/}}}}S_{1}}}}.} \\ {{{{Let}\mspace{14mu} S_{1}} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}^{2\; k\; \pi \; {i/n}}}},{S_{1}^{\prime} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}^{2\; k^{\prime}\pi \; {i/n}}}}} \end{matrix} & (22) \end{matrix}$

for n-PSK code (the normalization by 1/√{square root over (2)} aims to maintain transmit power of 1).

$\begin{matrix} {\zeta = {\frac{1}{2}{\min\limits_{k \neq k^{\prime}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}{{{1 - ^{2{({k^{\prime} - k})}\pi \; {i/n}}}}.}}}}} & (23) \\ \begin{matrix} {{{{1 - ^{2{({k^{\prime} - k})}\pi \; {i/n}}}}^{2} = {{1 - ^{2\; k^{''}\pi \; {i/n}}}}^{2}}} \\ {= {\left( {1 - {\cos \left( {2\; k^{''}{\pi/n}} \right)}} \right)^{2} + \left( {\sin \left( {2\; k^{''}{\pi/n}} \right)} \right)^{2}}} \\ {= {{2\left( {1 - {\cos \left( {2\; k^{''}{\pi/n}} \right)}} \right)} = {4\; {{\sin^{2}\left( {k^{''}{\pi/n}} \right)}.}}}} \end{matrix} & (24) \end{matrix}$

Substituting EQ. 24 in EQ. 23 we have

$\begin{matrix} {\zeta = {{\frac{1}{2}{\min\limits_{k \neq k^{\prime}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}{{1 - ^{2{({k^{\prime} - k})}\pi \; {i/n}}}}}}} = {\frac{1}{2}{\min\limits_{k^{''} \neq 0}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}{{2\; {\sin \left( {k^{''}{\pi/n}} \right)}}}}}}}} \\ {= {{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}{\min\limits_{k^{''} \neq 0}{{\sin \left( {k^{''}{\pi/n}} \right)}}}} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}{{\sin \left( {\pi/n} \right)}.}}}} \end{matrix}$

The following table summarizes the diversity of some of the quaternion structures: In this table, R is the transmission rate, L is the size of the constellation, M is the number of antennas and ζ is the diversity product.

Group R L M ζ structure 1.5 8 2 0.7071 Q₂ 2.5 32 2 0.3827 S_(Q) _(2,) _(2,2) 3 64 2 0.3029 S_(Q) _(2,) _(3,2) 3.161 80 2 0.2588 S_(Q) _(2,) _(4,2) 3.5 128 2 0.1602 S_(Q) _(2,) _(5,2) 3.904 224 2 0.1602 S_(Q) _(2,) _(6,2) 4.085 288 2 0.1602 S_(Q) _(2,) _(7,2 = S) _(Q) _(2,) _(8,2) 4.292 384 2 0.1374 S_(Q) _(2,) _(9,2) 4.522 528 2 0.0709 S_(Q) _(2,) _(10,2) 2.5 32 2 0.4082 L₃ 2.29 24 2 0.5 L₂ 2.79 48 2 0.3827 Q₂ ∪ L₂ ∪ L₄

For comparison, the quaternion groups Q₂,Q₄ and Q₅ diversity is shown in the following table:

R L M ζ Group structure 1.5 8 2 0.7071 Quaternion group Q₂ 2.5 32 2 0.1951 Quaternion group Q₄ 3 64 2 0.0951 Quaternion group Q₅

Generally, the diversity decreases as the rate increases, as can be seen from the table above.

4.2.1. Quaternion Group Example

In Q₂ there are eight code words (eight matrices):

$\begin{matrix} {\begin{pmatrix} {- 1} & 0 \\ 0 & {- 1} \end{pmatrix},\begin{pmatrix} {- i} & 0 \\ 0 & i \end{pmatrix},\begin{pmatrix} 0 & {- 1} \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix},\begin{pmatrix} 0 & {- i} \\ {- i} & 0 \end{pmatrix},\begin{pmatrix} 0 & i \\ i & 0 \end{pmatrix},\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ {- 1} & 0 \end{pmatrix},} \\ {\begin{pmatrix} i & 0 \\ 0 & {- i} \end{pmatrix},{\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}.}} \end{matrix}$

The rate for this code is ½ log₂ (8)=1.5 bits per channel use. The diversity of this code is ζ{Q₂}=0.707, which is equal to the diversity of Orthogonal Design [2] code for BPSK constellation that has a mere 1 bit per channel use rate.

FIG. 5 illustrates the Quaternion group constellation for rate 1.5.

4.2.2. Super Quaternion Set Example

The Super Quaternion set Q₂∪L₂∪L₄ contains 48 code words. The rate of this code is 2.7925 and the code diversity is 0.3827. By applying Orthogonal Design to 6-PSK we get merely a 0.3536 diversity for a lesser rate of 2.585. FIG. 6 illustrates the corresponding constellation.

5. FIXED-POINT-FREE GROUPS

This section elaborates on the groups G_(m,r) and J_(m,r). We have chosen in the invention some of these groups, with the best performance and performed on them bit allocation. In some cases the groups were united with Super Quaternion codewords or some of the groups' members were removed in order to achieve optimal integral rate codes. Section 6 elaborates on methods to improve the performance of codes based on G_(m,r) groups.

5.1. The G_(m,r) Groups Let

G _(m,r) =

a,b:a ^(m)=1,b ^(n) =a ^(t) ,bab ⁻¹ =a ^(r)

.

Since

(bab ⁻¹)^(r) =ba ^(r) b ⁻¹ =b(bab ⁻¹)b ⁻¹

ba ^(r) b ⁻¹ =b ^(n+1) ab ^(−n−1)

a ^(r) ^(n) =b ^(n) ab ^(−n) =

a ^(r) ^(n) =a ^(t) aa ^(−t)

a ^(r) ^(n) =a.

We get the following restriction on r, n and m:

r^(n)≡(mod m).  (25)

Raising a^(r) to the power of t we get:

ba ^(t) b ⁻¹ =a ^(rt)

bb ^(n) b−1=a ^(rt)

b ^(n) =a ^(rt)

a ^(t) =a ^(rt).

Therefore,

$\begin{matrix} {{\left( {r - 1} \right)t} \equiv {1\left( {{mod}\; m} \right)}} & \; \\ {{t = {\frac{m}{g\; c\; {d\left( {m,{r - 1}} \right)}}z}},{z \in {Z.}}} & (26) \end{matrix}$

To assure irreducible group we demand

gcd(n,t)=1.  (27)

We choose n such that n is the smallest integer that satisfies EQ. 25. We define z=1 in EQ. 26. The group is Fixed-Point-Free if all the prime divisors of n divide gcd(r−1,m) ([8]). The group G_(mr) has mn elements because it contains the subgroup <a> of order m and n distinct cosets:

G _(m,r) =

a

∪

a

b∪ . . . ∪

a

b ^(n−1).

There is an embedding

L_(G):G_(m,r)→K_(G)

of G_(m,r) in the division algebra K_(G) defined as follows. Let K be the cyclotomic of by an m-th root of 1, ζ, and K_(G) the cyclic algebra defined by the relations b^(n)=ζ_(m) ^(t)=γ, bζ_(m)b⁻¹=σ(ζ_(m))bb⁻¹=ζ_(m) ^(r).

L_(G) is defined by the formulas

L _(G)(a)=ζ_(m) , L _(G)(b)=b.

We take ζ_(m)=e^(2πi/m). A matrix representation of K_(G):

Π:K_(G)→M_(n)( )

where M_(n) is the algebra of n×n matrices over is given by:

$\begin{matrix} {{{\prod\; \left( \xi_{m} \right)} = \begin{pmatrix} \xi_{m} & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & \xi_{m}^{r} & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \xi_{m}^{r^{2}} & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & \xi_{m}^{r^{n - 1}} \end{pmatrix}},{{\prod\; (b)} = {\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 \\ \xi_{m}^{t} & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \end{pmatrix}.}}} & (28) \end{matrix}$

Explicitly, the element a₀+a₁b+a₂b²+ . . . +a_(n−1)b^(n−1) maps to

$\begin{pmatrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & \ldots & a_{n - 1} \\ {\gamma \; {\sigma \left( a_{n - 1} \right)}} & {\sigma \left( a_{0} \right)} & {\sigma \left( a_{1} \right)} & \ldots & {\sigma \left( a_{n - 2} \right)} \\ {\gamma \; {\sigma^{2}\left( a_{n - 2} \right)}} & {\gamma \; {\sigma^{2}\left( a_{n - 1} \right)}} & {\sigma^{2}\left( a_{0} \right)} & \ldots & {\sigma^{2}\left( a_{n - 3} \right)} \\ \ldots & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots \\ {\gamma \; {\sigma^{n - 1}\left( a_{1} \right)}} & {\gamma \; {\sigma^{n - 1}\left( a_{2} \right)}} & {\gamma \; {\sigma^{n - 1}\left( a_{3} \right)}} & \ldots & {\sigma^{n - 1}\left( a_{n - 2} \right)} \end{pmatrix}\quad$

The element ‘1’ is transformed to the identity matrix I_(n×n). All the matrices in this representation are unitary and therefore this code can be implemented for unknown channels as well as for known channels. 5.2. The J_(m,r) Groups

We present here a specific fixed point group with exceedingly good performance which are due to Amitsur ([13])

J _(m,r) =SL ₂(F ₅)×G _(m,r)  (29)

where m,r are as in section 5.1, gcd(mn,120)=1, and SL₂(F₅) is the group of 2×2-matrices over F₅ with determinant 1. SL₂(F₅) has a presentation

SL ₂(F ₅)=

u,γ|μ²=γ³=(μγ)⁵,μ⁴=1

  (30)

The order of J_(m,r) is 120mn.

We define the following matrix representation:

Π:J_(m,r)→M_(2n)(F₅)

where M_(2n)(F₅) is the set of 2n×2n-matrices over F₅.

${{\prod\; (\mu)} = {P = {P_{0} \otimes I_{n}}}},{P_{0} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\begin{pmatrix} {\eta^{2} - \eta^{3}} & {\eta - \eta^{4}} \\ {\eta - \eta^{4}} & {\eta^{3} - \eta^{2}} \end{pmatrix}}},{{\prod\; (\gamma)} = {Q = {Q_{0} \otimes I_{n}}}},{Q_{0} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\begin{pmatrix} {\eta - \eta^{2}} & {\eta^{2} - 1} \\ {1 - \eta^{3}} & {\eta^{4} - \eta^{3}} \end{pmatrix}}}$

where η=ζ₅=e^(2πi/5), I_(n) is the n×n and

denotes the Kronecker product.

${\prod\; (a)} = {A = {I_{2} \otimes \begin{pmatrix} \xi_{m} & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & \xi_{m}^{r} & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \xi_{m}^{r^{2}} & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & \xi_{m}^{r^{n - 1}} \end{pmatrix}}}$ ${\prod\; (b)} = {B = {I_{2} \otimes \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 \\ \xi_{m}^{t} & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \end{pmatrix}}}$

where ζ_(m) is defined in section 5.1. The constellation consists of the matrices

A^(s)B^(k)(PQ)^(j)X, s=0, . . . , m−1, k=0, . . . , n−1, j=0, . . . , 9

-   and Xε{I_(2n),P,Q,QP,QPQ,QPQP,QPQ², QPQPQ, QPQPQ², QPQPQ²P,     QPQPQ²PQ, QPQPQ²PQP}.     The smallest group of type J_(m,r) is J_(1,1), which is isomorphic     to SL₂(F₅), and has 120 elements (3.5 rate). This group is given by     the matrices (PQ)^(j)X. This group has diversity of 0.3090 and     exceeding performance in comparison to all other methodologies shown     in this invention for rate 3.5 and 2-transmit diversity as shown in     FIG. 13. In order to enable bit-allocation we extended the J_(1,1)     group to a 128-element set using Quaternion matrices from layers 2     and 3 (EQ. 20).

6. COSETS OF FIXED-POINT-FREE GROUPS—NEW STBC

The basic idea in using cosets is that if we have a unitary matrix that has good diversity with a specific group, then this diversity will be preserved when taking the union of the group and the coset determined by this element. Indeed, if G is a group of unitary matrices, and h is a unitary matrix not in G, we can take the coset determined by h, i.e. all the elements of the form hg, where g E G. If |h−g|>d,∀gεG, and the diversity of G is at least d, then we claim that this will be the diversity of the union. This is true since

|hg ₁ −hg ₂ |=|h∥g ₁ −g ₂ |=|g ₁ −g ₂ |>d

and

|hg ₁ −g ₂|=|(h−g ₂ g ₁ ⁻¹)g ₁ |=|h−g ₂ g ₁ ⁻¹ ∥g ₁ |>d.

We can now repeat this process, choosing a unitary matrix that has good diversity with the union already chosen. In fact, there are cases where it is advantageous to choose a pair of matrices simultaneously and add the cosets of both matrices. In this section we construct large sets of “unitary” elements in division algebras that are finite dimensional over Q. The construction will occur in “cyclic algebras” which we now describe. In Particular we will elaborate on the implementations of this method on the groups G_(mr).

6.1. Cyclic algebras

Let K/k be a cyclic Galois extension of dimension n, so that its Galois group is cyclic of order n. Let σ be a generator of the Galois group. Assume that 0≠γεk. The cyclic algebra associated with this data is defined, as a left K vector space, as

K⊕Kb⊕ . . . ⊕Kb^(n−1).

The multiplication is be defined by the following equations

b^(n)=γ

ba=σ(a)b ∀aεK

We will denote such an algebra as (K/k, γ).

Let m,r be relatively prime integers, and let n be the order of r in the multiplicative group (Z/(m))*. Let s=(r−1,m) and t=m/s. Suppose that (n,t)=1 and n|s. We can now define a central simple algebra over Q. This algebra is constructed by taking the cyclotomic extension, K, generated by the roots of unity of order m. The Galois group of this extension is the multiplicative group (Z/(m)), and r defines a cyclic subgroup of order n in the Galois group, whose generator is an automorphism, σ, which raises roots of unity to the r^(th) power. The center of our algebra will be the fixed subfield of this automorphism, k, and σ is a generator of the Galois group of the extension K/k. Let ζ be a primitive root of unity of order m, and denote γ=ζ^(t). The algebra is defined as the cyclic algebra A_(m,r)=(K/k,γ). For certain values of m,r, A_(m,r) is a division algebra, for instance (m,r)=(21,4). The precise conditions are quite complicated, and are spelled out completely by Amitsur [13].

There is a natural embedding of this algebra in M_(n)( ), which comes from the regular representation of the algebra as a left vector space of dimension n over K. Explicitly, the element a₀+a₁b+a₂b²+ . . . +a_(n−1)b^(n−1) maps to

$\begin{pmatrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & \ldots & a_{n - 1} \\ {\gamma \; {\sigma \left( a_{n - 1} \right)}} & {\sigma \left( a_{0} \right)} & {\sigma \left( a_{1} \right)} & \ldots & {\sigma \left( a_{n - 2} \right)} \\ {\gamma \; {\sigma^{2}\left( a_{n - 2} \right)}} & {\gamma \; {\sigma^{2}\left( a_{n - 1} \right)}} & {\sigma^{2}\left( a_{0} \right)} & \ldots & {\sigma^{2}\left( a_{n - 3} \right)} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ {\gamma \; {\sigma^{n - 1}\left( a_{1} \right)}} & {\gamma \; {\sigma^{n - 1}\left( a_{2} \right)}} & {\gamma \; {\sigma^{n - 1}\left( a_{3} \right)}} & \ldots & {\sigma^{n - 1}\left( a_{0} \right)} \end{pmatrix}\quad$

A quick check shows that all the fixed-point-free groups of type G_(m,r) can be embedded into A_(m,r) so we will be looking for “unitary” elements in 6.2. Finding Unitary Elements in Cyclic Algebras

In order to find “unitary” elements in A_(m,r) we define an anti-automorphism, τ, of the algebra, which corresponds to taking the conjugate transpose of a matrix. The “unitary” elements will be those such that τ(x)=x⁻¹. The field k will be invariant under τ. Thus, it is enough to define τ on a primitive root of unity, and we take τ(ζ)=ζ⁻¹. This is simply the restriction of complex conjugation to K under a fixed embedding of K in C. It remains to define τ on b, and since b should be unitary, we must have τ(b)=b⁻¹=γ⁻¹b^(n−1). From the requirement that τ be an anti-automorphism, this defines τ completely, and it is easy to see that it is well defined. Note that τ²=id.

We are now in a position to find many unitary n X n matrices that have positive diversity, since all the elements we find will be in a division algebra. In fact, we will need to divide by square roots. If n is odd, then adding a square root cannot split the algebra, hence we will still have a division algebra.

When looking for unitary elements, we are looking for

$x = {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{n - 1}\; {a_{i}b^{i}}}$

Note that

${\tau (x)} = {{\tau \left( a_{0} \right)} + {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n - 1}\; {\gamma^{- 1}{\sigma^{i}\left( {\tau \left( a_{n - i} \right)} \right)}{b^{i}.}}}}$

Now, we require xτ(x)=1. If z=xτ(x) then let

$z = {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{n - 1}\; {\alpha_{i}{b^{i}.}}}$

It is easy to see that τ(z)=z so we get α₀=τ(a₀) and α_(i)=γ⁻¹σ_(i)(τ(α_(n−i))). For instance, if n=3, the equation xτ(x)=1 is really just two (and not three) equations, because if α₁=0 then automatically α₂=0.

Continuing with the case n=3, let us consider the case where a₀, a₁ are known, and are in our extended algebra. In this case we get

xτ(x)=(a ₀ +a ₁ b+a ₂ b ²)(τ(a ₀)+γ⁻¹σ(τ(a ₂))b+γ ⁻¹σ²(τ(a ₁))b ²)=(a ₀τ(a ₀)+a ₁τ(a ₁)+a ₂τ(a ₂))+(γ⁻¹ a ₀σ(τ(a ₂))+a ₁σ(τ(a ₀))+γ⁻¹σ(τ(a ₁)a ₂))b+a ₂ b ²

so there are really only two equations, the second of which is of the form

ασ(τ(a ₂))+βa ₂=δ

where α=γ⁻¹a₀, β=γ⁻¹σ(τ(a₁)), δ=−a₁σ(τ(a₀)), and in particular α,β,δεK.

Since K is a vector space over Q of dimension φ(m), we get φ(m) linear equations in the φ(m) coordinates of a₂ as an element in K.

Thus, given a₀, a₁εK, we check if there are solutions to the linear set of equations. For each solution, a₂, we calculate

a ₀τ(a ₀)+a ₁τ(a ₁)+a ₂τ(a ₂)=s(a ₀ ,a ₁ ,a ₂)εK.

We divide all three values by √{square root over (s(a₀,a₁,a₂))}, to get a unitary matrix. Note, that to calculate σ(√{square root over (s)}) we can simply take √{square root over (σ(s))}.

If a₀, a₁ are rational, it can be seen that if a₀ ²≠a₁ ² then there is a solution. Indeed, if we set a₂=xγ+yγ⁻¹, we have σ(a₂)=a₂ and τ(a₂)=yγ+xγ⁻¹. The equation becomes

γ⁻¹ a ₀(yγ+xγ ⁻¹)+γ⁻¹ a ₁(xγ+yγ ⁻¹)=−a ₀ a ₁.

Thus, we have in fact two equations a₀y+a₁x=−a₀a₁ and a₁y+a₀x=0. There is one

${x = \frac{a_{0}a_{1}^{2}}{a_{0}^{2} - a_{1}^{2}}},{y = {- {\frac{a_{0}^{2}a_{1}}{a_{0}^{2} - a_{1}^{2}}.}}}$

6.3. Finding Elements for Cosets

The following refers to trying to find a good coset extension of some G_(m,r) group, which has n=3 (i.e. describes 3×3 matrices). Using the terminology above, we know that there is an infinite number of unitary matrices we can try, simply by taking a₀, a₁ to be rational. In fact, if we take a₀=1 and a₁ very small, we will get a unitary matrix that is very close to being the identity. This gives us the ability to make small “changes” to elements of the algebra.

We can now describe two different methods for trying to find cosets. In the first method, we construct a number of elements of the algebra in the way described above. We then simply take random multiplications of these elements. For each new element we get we check the diversity against the set of matrices we have so far. It is easy to see that this will be the diversity of the entire coset. We do this many times, and choose the coset that has the best diversity.

The second method is to construct a set of matrices that are close to the identity. One way to do this is to take a₁=1, and for each basis element of K over Q and each of the three elements of the first row of the matrix, we add a small rational multiple of this basis element. We can decrease this multiple as we go along, so that we make smaller and smaller changes. If we have a set of matrices, and a trial matrix, we try changing it “slightly” in all the directions, and take the best one. If we can no longer improve, we decrease the multiple and try again. We can also try to add two or more cosets at a time, and try changes in one or more of the matrices. So far, when attempting to add two cosets, the best method seems to be taking two additional elements and trying to change both of them slowly.

The following refers to trying to find a coset extension of some G_(m,r) group, which has n=3 (i.e. describes 3×3 matrices). This fixed-point-free group resides in a cyclic algebra, which has the following structure. Take F to be the cyclotomic extension of the rationals by the roots of unity of order m. Let ζ be a primitive root of unity of order m, and we can assume that r̂3=1 modulo m (n=3). Thus, we can also assume that 3 divides m, and we set s=gcd(m,r−1), t=m/s. We now define the cyclic algebra A over F by adjoining an element b such that b̂3=ζ̂t. The fixed-point-free group will be the group generated by ζ and b, and will be of order 3m. When we want to take cosets of the group, we would like to find some more unitary elements in the algebra (since when the algebra is a division ring, we know that the diversity will remain non-zero). In order to do so, we simply check what will have a unitary image. Any element of the algebra will be defined by 3 elements in F, a₁, a₂, a₃. They define the matrix

$\begin{pmatrix} a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} \\ {\gamma \; {\sigma \left( a_{3} \right)}} & {\sigma \left( a_{1} \right)} & {\sigma \left( a_{2} \right)} \\ {\gamma \; {\sigma^{2}\left( a_{2} \right)}} & {\gamma \; {\sigma^{2}\left( a_{3} \right)}} & {\sigma^{2}\left( a_{1} \right)} \end{pmatrix}\quad$

where γ=ζ^(t) and σ is the Galois automorphism of F over the rationals. For such a matrix to be unitary we need that each row has absolute value (as complex numbers) 1, and that each pair of rows are orthogonal, in the sense that the dot product of row by the complex conjugate of the other row is zero. A simple calculation shows that in the matrices given above, it is enough to check the absolute value of the first row, and whether the first two rows are orthogonal (note that this is true only for 3×3 matrices. If n is larger, there are conditions that need to be met). Note, that if we have a matrix where the two first rows are orthogonal, but the absolute value is k, then we can always divide the first row by the square root of k, the second row by the square root of σ(k), and the last row by the square root of σ²(k). Note that adjoining these square roots to F cannot split the algebra, since if is of odd degree over F. Suppose now that we give a₁ and a₂ some set values. The orthogonality condition becomes (note that σ and the complex conjugate commute)

ya ₁σ( a ₃ )+σ( a ₂ )a ₃ =−a ₂σ( a ₁ )

Since a₁ and a₂ are known, we get linear equations in a₃ and σ( a₃ ). However, if we consider a₃ as a rational linear of the basis of F over the rationals, then both a₃ and σ( a₃ ) are linear combinations of the coefficients. F is of dimension φ(m) over the rationals, and we get a set of φ(m) equations in φ(m) variables. If the equations are of full rank, then there will be exactly one solution. If they are not of full rank we might get no solutions. In the case where a₁ and a₂ are both rational, it is easily seen that if a₁ ²≠a₂ ² then there is exactly one solution. This already shows us that there is an infinite number of unitary elements we can use, and in fact, if we take a₁=1 and a₂ very small, we will get a unitary matrix that is very close to being the identity. This gives us the ability to make small “changes” to elements of the algebra.

We can now describe two different methods for trying to find cosets. In the first method, we construct a number of elements of the algebra in the way described above. We then simply take random multiplications of these elements. For each new element we get we check the diversity against the set of matrices we have so far It is easy to see that this will be the diversity of the entire coset. We do this many times, and choose the coset that has the best diversity.

The second method is to construct a set of matrices that are close to the identity. One way to do this is to take a₁=1, and for each basis element of F over the rationals and each of the three elements of the first row of the matrix, we add a small multiple of this basis element. We can decrease this multiple as we go along, so that we make smaller and smaller changes. If we have a set of matrices, and a trial matrix, we try changing it “slightly” in all the directions, and take the best one. If we can no longer improve, we decrease the multiple and try again. We can also try to add two or more cosets at a time, and try changes in one or more of the matrices. So far, when needing three cosets in total (including the original group) the best method seems to be taking two additional elements and trying to change both of them slowly.

6.4. Results of Coset Search

When attempting to find a good set of 512 3×3 unitary matrices, using the G_(m,r) groups, the best diversity we can get is 0.184, for m=186,r=25 (there are actually 558 matrices, but for practical purposes it is often best to take a power of 2 number of matrices). However, when taking m=63,r=37 and adjoining two additional cosets (using the second method mentioned above, adding both cosets at the same time), we achieved a diversity of 0.224. When running simulations of error rates compared to SNR, we see that around an error rate of 10⁻², the new set has an SNR that is better by almost 1 db than the best G_(m,r) group.

7. BIT ALLOCATION

An important issue in any code constellation (higher than 2) is the bit allocation. Bit allocation is the look-up table that assigns bits to symbols. In codes with integral rate, i.e. codes that have 2^(n) code words (i.e. the code rate is an integer number), the bit allocation is simple. In MIMO channels, if the rate is N (m is the transmit diversity), we can still allocate bits for each symbol using look-up table, because each matrix includes m channel uses. In order to take better advantage of the rate, for other rates, we have to allocate bits for sequences of symbols. This allocation may result in a very high complexity. In this work we will limit ourselves to an integral rate bit allocation.

In cases we would use codes with not integral rates, the allocation is made by maximizing the diversity over the maximal subgroup of code words that has an integral rate. For example the Super Quaternion structure S_(Q) ₂ _(,8,2) has 288 code words. By selecting 256 code words we create an integral rate(4) code with improved performance.

Consider a code with 2^(n) code words and rate n/m. First we calculate the BER from the FRAME ERROR if we choose a random bit allocation. Assume we have mistakenly reconstructed in the receiver a code word e, while c was transmitted. Since the bit allocation was randomly chosen, we can calculate the average number of bits interpreted wrongly by

$\begin{matrix} {{E\left\{ {{c\mspace{14mu} X\; O\; R\mspace{14mu} e}{c \neq e}} \right\}} = {E\left\{ {{c\mspace{14mu} X\; O\; R\mspace{14mu} e}{{c\mspace{14mu} X\; O\; R\mspace{14mu} e} \geq 1}} \right\}}} \\ {= {\frac{2^{n}n}{2\left( {2^{n} - 1} \right)} = {\frac{n}{2} + {\frac{n}{2\left( {2^{n} - 1} \right)}.}}}} \end{matrix}$

It follows that for random bit allocation the ratio between BER and FER(Frame Error Rate) is

$\frac{1}{2}{\left( {1 + \frac{1}{2^{n} - 1}} \right).}$

However in channels with small noise most of the errors occur due to reconstruction of symbols, which are close to the transmitted original. If the bit allocation is optimally made, close symbols will differ by minimal number of bits (merely a single bit if possible) and at high SNR the ratio between BER and FER will be approximately 1/n. Thus, we can reach the same BER as in random bit allocation with lower SNR (adjusted for FER higher by

$\left. {\frac{n}{2}\left( {1 + \frac{1}{2^{n} - 1}} \right)} \right).$

FIG. 7 shows an example for Gray-code allocation for 8PSK constellation, which preserves a single bit difference between neighboring symbols. The significance of bit allocation can be seen in FIGS. 9 and 12.

8. RATE BOUND FOR 2-TRANSMIT DIVERSITY AND EXHAUSTIVE SEARCH

This section presents general bounds for 2-transmit diversity both for the case of orthogonal design and the specific case of unitary design.

8.1. Isometry to R⁴ Let M₂ be a set of orthogonal matrices of the form

$m_{2} = \begin{pmatrix} S_{1} & S_{2} \\ {- S_{2}^{*}} & S_{1}^{*} \end{pmatrix}$

for each m₂±M₂ where S₁, S₂ are some complex symbols.

We define the following isometry

g:M₂→R⁴  (31)

Let

$m_{2} = \begin{pmatrix} S_{1} & S_{2} \\ {- S_{2}^{*}} & S_{1}^{*} \end{pmatrix}$

where S₁=a+bi and S₂=c+di. Then g(m₂)=(a,b,c,d). It is easy to see that g is an isometry if we define the distance between two matrices m₂, m₂′ in M₂ to be

$\begin{matrix} {{d\left( {m_{2},m_{2}^{\prime}} \right)} = {\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\det \left( {{m_{2} - m_{2}^{\prime}}} \right)}}} & (32) \end{matrix}$

and the distance between two vectors in R⁴ to be half the Euclidian distance:

$\begin{matrix} {{d\left( {\left( {a,b,c,d} \right),\left( {a^{\prime},b^{\prime},c^{\prime},d^{\prime}} \right)} \right)} = {\frac{1}{2}{\sqrt{\begin{matrix} {\left( {a - a^{\prime}} \right)^{2} + \left( {b - b^{\prime}} \right)^{2} +} \\ {\left( {c - c^{\prime}} \right)^{2} + \left( {d - d^{\prime}} \right)^{2}} \end{matrix}}.}}} & (33) \end{matrix}$

The minimal distance among the matrices in M₂, according to EQ. 32 is the diversity of M₂ by definition. 8.2. Orthogonal Design

Assume we have a set of n vectors {(a_(i),b_(i),c_(i),d_(i))}_(i=1) ^(n) with minimal distance (diversity) ζ, and maximal norm (distance from (0,0,0,0)) A. What is the relation among the parameters n, ζ and A?

Every vector {(a_(i),b_(i),c_(i),d_(i))} is surrounded by a 4-dimensional sphere with radius ζ/2 that does not have other vectors. The volume of this sphere is

$\begin{matrix} {{\int{\int{\int_{\int_{{w^{2} + x^{2} + y^{2} + z^{2}} \leq \zeta^{2}}}{{w}{x}{y}{z}}}}} = {{\int_{{R^{2} + z^{2}} = \zeta^{2}}{\frac{4\; \pi}{3}R^{3}\ {z}}} =}} \\ {\int_{z = {- \zeta}}^{+ \zeta}{\frac{4\; \pi}{3}\ \left( {\zeta - z^{2}} \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}{z}}} \end{matrix}$

Define zζ cos θ, dz−ζ sin θdθ. Then

$\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {{\int_{z = {- \zeta}}^{+ \zeta}{\frac{4\; \pi}{3}\left( {\zeta - z^{2}} \right)^{\frac{3}{2}}\ {z}}} = {{\int_{- \pi}^{0}{\frac{4\; \pi}{3}{{\zeta^{3}\sin^{3}\theta}}\left( {{- \zeta}\; \sin \; \theta} \right)\ {\theta}}} =}} \\ {{\int_{- \pi}^{0}{\frac{4\; \pi}{3}\zeta^{4}\sin^{4}\theta {\theta}}} = {{\int_{- \pi}^{0}{\frac{4\; \pi}{3}{\zeta^{4}\left( {{\sin^{2}\theta} - {\frac{1}{4}\sin^{2}2\theta}} \right)}{\theta}}} =}} \end{matrix} \\ {{\frac{4\; \pi}{3}{\zeta^{4}\left( {{\frac{1}{2}\pi} - {\frac{1}{8}\pi}} \right)}} = {\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}{\zeta^{4}.}}} \end{matrix} & (34) \end{matrix}$

Since all the vectors have at most norm A, all the spheres that are defined in EQ. 34 are confined within the sphere with radius A+ζ/2, which has the volume

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}{\left( {{2\; A} + \zeta} \right)^{4}.}} & (35) \end{matrix}$

It follows that

${n \leq \frac{\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\left( {{2\; A} + \zeta} \right)^{4}}{\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\zeta^{4}}} = {\left( \frac{{2\; A} + \zeta}{\zeta} \right)^{4}.}$

Given a maximal transmit power of a matrix in M₂, i.e. max{det(m₂)|m₂εM₂}=P, and a minimal diversity ζ, the maximal number of matrices in M₂ is

$\begin{matrix} {n \leq \left( \frac{\sqrt{P} + \zeta}{\zeta} \right)^{4}} & (36) \end{matrix}$

and the maximal rate is

R _(max)≦2(log₂(√{square root over (P)}+ζ)−log₂(ζ)).  (37)

8.3. Unitary Design

For unitary matrices a tighter bound can be found. Since unitary matrices have determinant 1, the isometry of a unitary set of matrices to R, is equivalent to placing vectors on the envelope of a 4-dimensional sphere, whose volume is given by EQ. 34. The ‘area’ of this envelope is

$\begin{matrix} {{\frac{}{x}\left( {\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}x^{4}} \right)_{x = 1}} = {2\; \pi^{2}}} & (38) \end{matrix}$

In order to calculate the free space around each vector on the envelope of the four dimensional sphere we change variables:

$\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {x\overset{\Delta}{=}{R\; {\cos (\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}{\cos (\phi)}}} \\ {y\overset{\Delta}{=}{R\; {\cos (\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}{\sin (\phi)}}} \\ {z\overset{\Delta}{=}{R\; {\cos (\gamma)}{\sin (\theta)}}} \\ {w\overset{\Delta}{=}{R\; {{\sin (\gamma)}.}}} \end{matrix} & (39) \end{matrix}$

The absolute value of the Jacobian of these variables is:

$\begin{matrix} {{\begin{matrix} {{\cos (\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}{\cos (\phi)}} & {{\cos (\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}{\sin (\phi)}} & {{\cos (\gamma)}{\sin (\theta)}} & {\sin (\gamma)} \\ {{- R}\; {\sin (\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}{\cos (\phi)}} & {{- R}\; {\sin (\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}{\sin (\phi)}} & {{- R}\; {\sin (\gamma)}{\sin (\theta)}} & {R\; {\cos (\gamma)}} \\ {{- R}\; {\cos (\gamma)}{\sin (\theta)}{\cos (\phi)}} & {{- R}\; {\cos (\gamma)}{\sin (\theta)}{\sin (\phi)}} & {R\; {\cos (\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}} & 0 \\ {R\; {\cos (\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}{\sin (\phi)}} & {{- R}\; {\cos (\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}{\cos (\phi)}} & 0 & 0 \end{matrix}} = {R^{3}{\cos^{2}(\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}}} & (40) \end{matrix}$

Without loss of generality we calculate the free space around the vector {right arrow over (r)}₀=(w₀,x₀,y₀,z₀), (equivalently defined by R₀,γ₀,θ₀ and φ₀) on the w axis, i.e.:

w₀=1, x₀=y₀=z₀=0

or in our new coordinates:

R₀=1, γ₀=π/2.

For diversity ζwe calculate the free three-dimensional area around {right arrow over (r)}₀ by integrating over the envelope of the sphere and over the vectors within distance smaller than ζ/2 (by saying distance we mean the definition in Eq. 3). The vector {right arrow over (r)} on the sphere satisfies:

$\begin{matrix} {{\left( {}_{\overset{->}{r}}{,{\overset{->}{r}}_{0}} \right)} = {\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{x^{2} + y^{2} + z^{2} + \left( {w - 1} \right)^{2}}}} \\ {= {{\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2 - {2\; w}}} = {\frac{1}{2}{\sqrt{2 - {2\; {\sin (\gamma)}}}.}}}} \end{matrix}$

The free ‘area’ is therefore confined to

${\left( {}_{\overset{->}{r}}{,{\overset{->}{r}}_{0}} \right)} = {{\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2 - {2\; {\sin (\gamma)}}}} \leq {\zeta/2}}$ ${\sin (\gamma)} \geq {1 - {\frac{1}{2}\zeta^{2}}}$ $\gamma \geq {{\arcsin \left( {1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{2}} \right)}.}$

Now, we can calculate the free ‘area’ around {right arrow over (r)}₀:

$\int{\int_{{\int{{(_{\overset{->}{r}}{,{\overset{->}{r}}_{0}})}}} \leq {\zeta/2}}{R^{3}{\cos^{2}(\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}{\gamma}{\theta}{\phi}}}$ $\begin{matrix} {= {\int{\int_{{\int\gamma} \geq {\arcsin {({1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{2}})}}}{{\cos^{2}(\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}{\gamma}{\theta}{\phi}}}}} \\ {= {\int_{0}^{2\; \pi}{{\phi}{\int_{\frac{{- p}\; i}{2}}^{\frac{p\; i}{2}}{{\cos \ (\theta)}{\theta}{\int_{\arcsin {({1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{2}})}}^{\frac{p\; i}{2}}{{\cos^{2}(\gamma)}\ {\gamma}}}}}}}} \\ {= {{2\; {\pi \cdot {\sin (\theta)}}}_{{- \pi}/2}^{\pi/2}{\cdot {\int_{\arcsin {({1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{2}})}}^{\frac{p\; i}{2}}\left( {\frac{1}{2}\left( {1 + {\cos \left( {2\; \gamma} \right)}} \right)\ {\gamma}} \right.}}}} \\ {= {2\; {{\pi \left\lbrack {\frac{\pi}{2} - {\arcsin \left( {1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{2}} \right)} - {\frac{1}{2}{\sin \left( {2\; {\arcsin \left( {1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{2}} \right)}} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}.}}} \end{matrix}$

Using the identity:

sin(2arc sin x)=2 sin(arc sin x)cos(arc sin x)=2x√{square root over (1−x ²)}

we get that the free ‘area’ is:

$\begin{matrix} {{{\int{\int{\int{\left( {}_{\overset{->}{r}}{,{\overset{->}{r}}_{0}} \right)}}}} \leq {{\zeta/2}\; R^{3}{\cos^{2}(\gamma)}{\cos (\theta)}{\gamma}{\theta}{\phi}}} = {2\; {{\pi \left\lbrack {\frac{\pi}{2} - {\arcsin \left( {1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{2}} \right)} - {{\zeta \left( {1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{2}} \right)}\sqrt{1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{4}}}} \right\rbrack}.}}} & (41) \end{matrix}$

The size of a unitary constellation with diversity ζ according to EQS. 41 is smaller than

$\begin{matrix} {n \leq {\frac{\pi}{\frac{\pi}{2} - {\arcsin \left( {1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{2}} \right)} - {{\zeta \left( {1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{2}} \right)}\sqrt{1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{4}}}}.}} & (42) \end{matrix}$

and the maximal rate is

$\begin{matrix} {R_{\max} \leq {\frac{1}{2}{\begin{pmatrix} {{\log_{2}(\pi)} - {\log_{2}\left( {\frac{\pi}{2} - {\arcsin \left( {1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{2}} \right)} -} \right.}} \\ {{\zeta \left( {1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{2}} \right)}\sqrt{\left. {1 - \frac{\zeta^{2}}{4}} \right)}} \end{pmatrix}.}}} & (43) \end{matrix}$

EXAMPLES

The group J_(1,1) (given in EQ. 29) has the diversity=0.309 and rate R=3.45, while the bound on a unitary set with such diversity is R_(max)≦3.66 (EQ. 43).

The Super Quaternion group Q₂ωL₂ωL₄ has diversity ζ=0.3827 and rate R=2.79, while the bound on the rate of a set with diversity ζ=0.3827 is R_(max)≦3.2.

The Super Quaternion set S_(Q) ₂ _(,8,2) has diversity ζ=0.1602 and rate R=4, while the bound on the rate of a set with such diversity is R_(max)≦5.

8.4. Exhaustive Search

The bounds calculated above gives us an insight on the characteristics of good codes. The isometry g of good orthogonal codes will result in uniformly distributed vectors in a 4-dimensional sphere, while the isometry of good unitary codes will result in vectors that are uniformly distributed on the envelope of a 4-dimensional sphere with radius 1.

One way to achieve uniform distribution of unitary codes is to generate the code by exhaustive search over γ, θ, and φ (EQ. 39). The exhaustive search we present here is based on the following set in R⁴

V={(x,y,z,w)|x=cos(γ)cos(θ)cos(φ),y=cos(γ)cos(θ)sin(φ),z=cos(γ)sin(θ),w=sin(γ),γ=kC+γ ₀ ,θ=lC/cos(γ)+θ₀(γ),φ=mC/cos(γ)/cos(θ)+φ₀(γ,θ),k,l,mεN,0<C<π}  (44)

The search is done over C, which changes monotonically with the diversity and over γ₀, θ₀ (γ), and φ₀(γ,θ). Each vector set is isomorphic to a unitary code according to EQ. 31. Results of exhaustive search are shown in FIGS. 14 and 15. The performance of the search are typically close to the Super Quaternion sets, and outperforms the Orthogonal Design at high rates.

9. UNKNOWN CHANNELS

Symbols in unknown SISO channels are transmitted differentially to each other. If at time t we intend to send the symbol S_(t) and the previous transmitted symbol was X_(t−1), we transmit X_(t−1)·S_(t), i.e. at time t we transmit

$X_{t} = {\prod\limits_{k = 0}^{t}\; {S_{k}.}}$

Assume that the channel is quasi-static (changes much slower than the symbol rate), then the symbols can be differentially decoded over unknown channel. This transmit algorithm is only effective for phase and frequency modulations since amplitude modulations are more difficultly separated from channel fading.

9.1. Encoding Algorithm

Due to the unitarity of the code used (shown in section 4) it is also applicable for an unknown channel. All the unitary codes can be transmitted over unknown channels. We use the SISO differential decoding principles for MIMO unknown channels in the following way: Instead of multiplying symbols we multiply matrices. If at time t−1 we transmitted the matrix X_(t−1) and the next matrix we want to send is S_(t) then we would transmit at time t the matrix

X _(t) =S _(t) ·X _(t−1).  (45)

It is important to notice that for n transmitters, each matrix contains n time samples, i.e. when we refer to transition at time t we actually refer to the n time samples

nk, nk+1, . . . , (n+1)k−1

where nk=t.

We assume m receiver antennas. Define the channel response at time t as

$R_{t} = {R = \begin{pmatrix} \alpha_{1,1} & \alpha_{1,2} & \; & \alpha_{1,m} \\ \alpha_{2,1} & \alpha_{2,2} & \; & \alpha_{2,m} \\ \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ \alpha_{n,1} & \alpha_{n,2} & \; & \alpha_{n,m} \end{pmatrix}}$

where α_(i,j) is the response from transmitter i to receiver j. We removed the time dependency (n) due to the quasi-static channel assumption. Let the channel noise be

$\mathrm{\Upsilon}_{t} = \begin{pmatrix} \upsilon_{t}^{1,1} & \upsilon_{t}^{1,2} & \; & \upsilon_{t}^{1,m} \\ \upsilon_{t}^{2,1} & \upsilon_{t}^{2,2} & \; & \upsilon_{t}^{2,m} \\ \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ \upsilon_{t}^{n,1} & \upsilon_{t}^{n,2} & \; & \upsilon_{t}^{n,m} \end{pmatrix}$

where ν_(t) ^(i,j) is the noise at antenna j at time t+i. The received symbols at time t are

$Y_{t} = \begin{pmatrix} y_{t}^{1,1} & y_{t}^{1,2} & \; & y_{t}^{1,m} \\ y_{t}^{2,1} & y_{t}^{2,2} & \; & y_{t}^{2,m} \\ \vdots & \vdots & ⋰ & \vdots \\ y_{t}^{n,1} & y_{t}^{n,1} & \; & y_{t}^{n,m} \end{pmatrix}$

where y_(t) ^(i,j) is the received symbol at antenna j at time t+i.

Y _(t) =X _(t) R+Υ _(t).

9.2. Decoding Algorithm

The decoding is performed by estimating every codeword S_(t) according to the last two received matrices Y_(t) and Y_(t−1). The decoding algorithm is given by

$\begin{matrix} {{S_{n} = {{SYMBOL}\left\lbrack {\min\limits_{k}\left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{m}{G_{n}^{k}\left\{ {i,j} \right\}}}} \right)} \right\rbrack}}\text{}{where}{G_{n}^{k} = {\left( {Y_{n} - {S_{k}Y_{n - 1}}} \right) \cdot \left( {Y_{n} - {S_{k}Y_{n - 1}}} \right)^{*}}}} & (46) \end{matrix}$

and Y_(n) is the received symbol, S_(k), k=1, . . . , N are the constellation's matrices and N is the size of the constellation. Applying

Y _(n) =X _(n) R+Υ _(n)

to EQ. 46 we get

G _(n) ^(k)=(X _(n) R+Υ _(n) −S _(k)(X _(n−1) R+σ _(n−1)))·(X _(n) R+Υ _(n) −S _(k)(X _(n−1) R+Υ _(n−1)))*=((S _(n) −S _(k))X _(n−1) R)·((S _(n) −S _(k))X _(n−1))+((S _(n) −S _(k))X _(n−1) R)·(Υ_(n) −S _(k)Υ_(n−1))*+((S _(n) −S _(k))X _(n−1) R)*·(Υ_(n) −S _(k)Υ_(n−1))+(σ_(n) −S _(k)Υ_(n−1))·(Υ_(n) −S _(k)σ_(n−1))*.

9.3. Fast Decoding Algorithm

When trying to decode a symbol sent using two or more antennae in the fashion described above, we use a Maximum Likelihood decoder. In our case, in either known or unknown channels, the computation of the likelihood is quite straightforward. In the known channel case, if the matrix A was transmitted, and the channel coefficients are described by the vector α, then the vector describing the values received, x, will be x=Aα+n, where n is the vector of noise values. Thus, since α is known, the log likelihood of a matrix B will be correlated to

l(B)=∥x−Aα∥ ²

In the case of an unknown channel, we have A_(t+1)=AA_(i), so x_(t+1)=AA_(t)α+n_(t+1)=A(x_(t)−n_(t)) and the log likelihood of a matrix B will be correlated to

l(B)=∥x _(t+1) −Ax _(t)∥²

In either case we see that l(B)=∥x−Ay∥² for some known x, y. We simply find the matrix B that minimalizes this quantity and we are done. However, there might be a large number of matrices, e.g. 512, so that going over all of them can be quite time consuming. We suggest a way of doing this much more quickly. Note that such methods are well known, and we simply show that they can be implemented in this case. In order to implement a fast algorithm we will use hashing. We simply divide the space of all possible x, y into subsets, in such a way that for every point in the space we can quickly determine the subset to which it belongs. If our space is Euclidean, one such division might be by “quantization”, rounding off all the coordinates (after some scaling). For each subset we determine in advance what are all the matrices that might minimalize points in the subset. It is easy to see that if the SNR is reasonable, and the subsets are in the probable region, then small subsets will have a small number of possible matrices. Thus, given x, y, we find the subset to which the point belongs, and test only the possible matrices relevant to that subset. Given a reasonable SNR, this means that our decoding works in constant time.

9.4. Two Transmit Diversity

For two transmit diversity there is a more effective algorithm that estimates the codeword matrix's entries independently [3]. We will concentrate on channels with no receive diversity. The generalization for receive diversity is easily obtained according to this section.

9.3.1. Transmission Algorithm

Assume that

$\begin{matrix} {X_{t - 1} = \begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1} & x_{t - 1}^{2} \\ {- x_{t - 1}^{2*}} & x_{t - 1}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}} & (47) \end{matrix}$

was transmitted at time t−1 and that

$\begin{matrix} {X_{t} = {\begin{pmatrix} x_{t}^{1} & x_{t}^{2} \\ {- x_{t}^{2*}} & x_{t}^{1*} \end{pmatrix} = {S_{t} \cdot X_{t - 1}}}} & (48) \end{matrix}$

was transmitted at time t, where

$S_{t} = {\begin{pmatrix} s_{t}^{1} & s_{t}^{2} \\ {- s_{t}^{2*}} & s_{t}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}.}$

Define the channel response at time n as R_(t)=R=(α₁ α₂)^(T) where ^(T) is the transpose operator. We removed the time dependency (t) due to the quasi-static channel assumption. Let the channel noise be Υ_(t)=(ν_(t) ¹ ν_(t) ²)^(T). The received symbols at time t are Y_(t)=(y_(t) ¹ y_(t) ²)^(T)=X_(t)R+Υ_(t).

9.3.2. Decoding Algorithm

Every transmitted matrix can be decoded according to the current and previous received symbols by using the differential scheme. First, we calculate:

s _(t) ¹ =y _(t) ¹ y _(t−1) ¹ *+y _(t) ² *y _(t−1) ²  (49)

by using the following identities:

y _(t) ¹=(10)·X ₁ R+ν _(t) ¹=(10)·S _(t) X _(t−1) R+ν _(t) ¹

y _(t) ²=(01)·X _(t) R+ν _(t) ²=(01)·S _(t) X _(t−1) R+ν _(t) ²

y _(t−1) ¹=(10)·X _(t−1) R+ν _(t−1) ¹

y _(t−1) ²=(01)·X _(t−1) R+ν _(t−1) ²  (50)

We rewrite EQ. 49 using the identities in EQ. 50 as:

$\begin{matrix} {s_{t}^{1} = {{\left( {{\begin{pmatrix} s_{t}^{1} & s_{t}^{2} \end{pmatrix}X_{t - 1}R} + \upsilon_{t}^{1}} \right) \cdot \left( {{\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1} & x_{t - 1}^{2} \end{pmatrix}R} + \upsilon_{t - 1}^{1}} \right)^{*}} +}} \\ {{\left( {{\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2*}} & x_{t - 1}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}R} + \upsilon_{t - 1}^{2}} \right) \cdot \left( {{\begin{pmatrix} {- s_{t}^{2*}} & s_{t}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}X_{t - 1}R} + \upsilon_{t}^{2}} \right)^{*}}} \\ {= {{\begin{pmatrix} s_{t}^{1} & s_{t}^{2} \end{pmatrix}X_{t - 1}{{RR}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1*} \\ x_{t - 1}^{2*} \end{pmatrix}}} + {\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2*}} & x_{t - 1}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}{RR}^{*}{X_{t - 1}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} {- s_{t}^{2}} \\ s_{t}^{1} \end{pmatrix}}} + N_{t}^{1}}} \end{matrix}$

where N_(t) ¹ is a zero-mean noise given by

$N_{1} = {{{R^{*}\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1*} \\ x_{t - 1}^{2*} \end{pmatrix}}\upsilon_{t}^{1}} + {\begin{pmatrix} s_{t}^{1} & s_{t}^{2} \end{pmatrix}X_{t - 1}R\; \upsilon_{t - 1}^{1*}} + {R^{*}{X_{t - 1}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} {- s_{t}^{2}} \\ s_{t}^{1} \end{pmatrix}}\upsilon_{t - 1}^{2}} + {\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2*}} & x_{t - 1}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}R\; \upsilon_{t}^{2*}} + {\upsilon_{t}^{1}\upsilon_{t - 1}^{1*}} + {\upsilon_{t - 1}^{2}{\upsilon_{t}^{2*}.}}}$

On the other hand

${{\begin{pmatrix} s_{t}^{1} & s_{t}^{2} \end{pmatrix}X_{t - 1}{{RR}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1*} \\ x_{t - 1}^{2*} \end{pmatrix}}} + {\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2*}} & x_{t - 1}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}{RR}^{*}{X_{t - 1}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} {- s_{t}^{2}} \\ s_{t}^{1} \end{pmatrix}}}} = {{{s_{t}^{1}\left\lbrack {{\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1} & x_{t - 1}^{2} \end{pmatrix}{{RR}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1*} \\ x_{t - 1}^{2*} \end{pmatrix}}} + {\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2*}} & x_{t - 1}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}{{RR}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2}} \\ x_{t - 1}^{1} \end{pmatrix}}}} \right\rbrack} + {s_{t}^{2}\left\lbrack {{\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2*}} & x_{t - 1}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}{{RR}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1*} \\ x_{t - 1}^{2*} \end{pmatrix}}} - {\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2*}} & x_{t - 1}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}{{RR}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1*} \\ x_{t - 1}^{2*} \end{pmatrix}}}} \right\rbrack}} = {{s_{t}^{1}\left\lbrack {\left( {{x_{t - 1}^{1}}^{2} + {x_{t - 1}^{2}}^{2}} \right)\left( {{\alpha^{1}}^{2} + {\alpha^{2}}^{2}} \right)} \right\rbrack}.}}$

According to Eq. 5,

$X_{t - 1} = {\prod\limits_{i = 0}^{t - 1}{S_{t}.}}$

But |x_(t−1) ¹|²+|x_(t−1) ²|²=det(X_(t−1)) according to EQ. 47. Then

${{x_{t - 1}^{1}}^{2} + {x_{t - 1}^{2}}^{2}} = {{\prod\limits_{i = 0}^{t - 1}{\text{det}\left( S_{i} \right)}} = 1.}$

Therefore,

s _(t) ¹ =s _(t) ¹(|α¹|²+|α²|²)+N _(t) ¹.  (51)

Similarly we compute

s _(t) ² =y _(t) ¹ y _(t−1) ² *−y _(t) ² *y _(t−1) ¹.  (52)

Using the above identities we write:

$\begin{matrix} {s_{t}^{2} = {{\left( {{\begin{pmatrix} s_{t}^{1} & s_{t}^{2} \end{pmatrix}X_{t - 1}R} + \upsilon_{t}^{1}} \right) \cdot \left( {{\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2*}} & x_{t - 1}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}R} + \upsilon_{t - 1}^{2}} \right)^{*}} -}} \\ {{\left( {{\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1} & x_{t - 1}^{2} \end{pmatrix}R} + \upsilon_{t - 1}^{1}} \right) \cdot \left( {{\begin{pmatrix} {- s_{t}^{2*}} & s_{t}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}X_{t - 1}R} + \upsilon_{t}^{2}} \right)^{*}}} \\ {= {{\begin{pmatrix} s_{t}^{1} & s_{t}^{2} \end{pmatrix}X_{t - 1}{{RR}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2}} \\ x_{t - 1}^{1} \end{pmatrix}}} + {\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1} & x_{t - 1}^{2} \end{pmatrix}{RR}^{*}{X_{t - 1}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} s_{t}^{2} \\ {- s_{t}^{1}} \end{pmatrix}}} + N_{t}^{2}}} \end{matrix}$ where $N_{2} = {{{R^{*}\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2}} \\ x_{t - 1}^{1} \end{pmatrix}}\upsilon_{t}^{1}} - {R^{*}{X_{t - 1}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} {- s_{t}^{2}} \\ s_{t}^{1} \end{pmatrix}}\upsilon_{t - 1}^{1}} + {\begin{pmatrix} s_{t}^{1} & s_{t}^{2} \end{pmatrix}X_{t - 1}R\; \upsilon_{t - 1}^{2*}} - {\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1} & x_{t - 1}^{2} \end{pmatrix}R\; \upsilon_{t}^{2*}} + {\upsilon_{t}^{1}\upsilon_{t - 1}^{2*}} - {\upsilon_{t - 1}^{1}{\upsilon_{t}^{2*}.}}}$

Rearranging EQ. 52 we get

$\begin{matrix} {s_{t}^{2} = {{s_{t}^{1}\left\lbrack {{\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1} & x_{t - 1}^{2} \end{pmatrix}{{RR}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2}} \\ x_{t - 1}^{1} \end{pmatrix}}} - {\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1} & x_{t - 1}^{2} \end{pmatrix}{{RR}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2}} \\ x_{t - 1}^{1} \end{pmatrix}}}} \right\rbrack} +}} \\ {{s_{t}^{2}\left\lbrack {{\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2*}} & x_{t - 1}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}{{RR}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} {- x_{t - 1}^{2}} \\ x_{t - 1}^{1} \end{pmatrix}}} + {\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1} & x_{t - 1}^{2} \end{pmatrix}{{RR}^{*}\begin{pmatrix} x_{t - 1}^{1*} \\ x_{t - 1}^{2*} \end{pmatrix}}}} \right\rbrack}} \\ {= {s_{t}^{2}\left\lbrack {\left( {{x_{t - 1}^{1}}^{2} + {x_{t - 1}^{2}}^{2}} \right)\left( {{\alpha^{1}}^{2} + {\alpha^{2}}^{2}} \right)} \right\rbrack}} \\ {= {{s_{t}^{2}\left( {{\alpha^{1}}^{2} + {\alpha^{2}}^{2}} \right)}.}} \end{matrix}$

Finally,

s _(t) ² =s _(t) ²(|α¹|²+|α²|²)+N _(t) ².  (53)

The reconstructed matrix S_(t) is given then by

$S_{t} = {{\left( {{\alpha^{1}}^{2} + {\alpha^{2}}^{2}} \right)S_{t}} + {\begin{pmatrix} N_{t}^{1} & N_{t}^{2} \\ {- N_{t}^{2*}} & N_{t}^{1*} \end{pmatrix}.}}$

Since all the quaternion matrices are normalized to determinant 1, we divide the reconstructed matrix by its determinant and choose the closest code matrix as our estimate.

10. SIMULATION RESULTS

We present here the simulation results for the codes described above. The simulations were made on Rayleigh fading channels with Gaussian white noise. Results of Orthogonal Design codes and the G_(mr) groups were compared to the literature. No additional error correction codes were implemented.

10.1. Known Channel Results

FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 present the BER performance of Quaternion STBC vs. Orthogonal Design when bit allocation is used.

10.2. Unknown Channel Results

FIGS. 11 and 12 present the BER performance of Quaternion STBC vs. Orthogonal Design for unknown channel, when bit allocation is used.

10.3. Results for Codes with No Bit Allocation

We made a few simulations for quaternion group structure 1, 2, 4 and Orthogonal Design 6PSK constellation for known and unknown channels without bit allocation due to the high complexity of allocating bits for rates, which are not integral. The results of these simulations are shown in FIG. 13.

10.4. Exhaustive Search Results

Results for codes that were constructed by exhaustive search are shown in FIGS. 14 and 15. The results are for known channels, though the codes are also applicable for unknown channels due to their unitary design.

10.5. Results for the Gmr Groups and Cosets

FIGS. 16, 17 and 18 represent the results for 2,3-transmit diversity G_(m,r) groups (n=2, n=3). The performance for 3-transmit diversity is up to 3 db improvement (for rate 2) in comparison to Super Quaternion methodology or Orthogonal Design (both have 2-transmit diversity), while the performance of the 2-transmit diversity code are considerably inferior.

10.6. Results for the Jmr Groups

FIG. 19 shows results for the group J_(1,1) and an extended set that includes the group J_(1,1) and eight Super Quaternion codewords in order to increase the bit rate allow bit allocation.

10.7. Results for Two Receive Diversity

FIG. 20 demonstrates improved performance when using two receiver antennas for a few examples.

11. CONCLUSIONS

Space Time Codes are a powerful tool for increasing the data rates of channels and the transmission range. The advantage of STBC as was shown in the simulations is obvious over multipath channels. This invention presents new STBC codes with better diversity that achieve improved performance for fading channels. We have found rate bounds on the diversity of orthogonal and unitary codes and presented codes that approach these bounds. The codes presented in this invention were bit allocated for improved performance. These cods were simulated and reached better results than other known STBC codes.

REFERENCES

-   [1] I. N. Herstein, “Noncommutative Rings,” The Carus Mathematical     Monographs, Number Fifteen. -   [2] Siavash M. Alamouti, “A Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for     Wireless Communications,” IEEE Journal on Select Areas in     Communications, Vol. 16, No. 8, October 1998. -   [3] Vahid Tarokh. “A Differential Detection Scheme for Transmit     Diversity,” IEEE Journal on Select Areas in Communications, Vol. 18,     No. 7, July 2000. -   [4] Vahid Tarokh, Nambi Senshadri' A. R. Calderbank. “Space-Time     Codes for High Data Rate Wireless Communication Performance     Criterion and Code Construction,” IEEE Transactions on Information     Theory, Vol. 44, No. 2, July 1998. -   [5] V. Tarokh, H Jafakhani, and A. R. Calderbank, “Space-time block     codes from orthogonal designs,” IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 45,     no. 5, pp. 1456-1467, July 1999. -   [6] Bertrand M. Hochwald, Thomas L. Marzetta “Unitary Space-Time     modulation for Multiple-Antenna Communications in Rayleigh Flat     fading,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, March 2000. -   [7] B. Hochwald and W. Sweldens, “Differential unitary space time     modulation,” IEEE Trans. Comm., vol. 48, pp. 2041-2052, December     2000. -   [8] A. Shokrollahi, B. Hassibi, B. M. Hochwlad, and W. Sweldens,     “Representation theory for high rate multiple antenna code design,”     IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 2335-2367, September     2001. -   [9] B. Hughes, “Differential space-time modulation,” IEEE Trans.     Inform. Theory, vol. 46, pp. 2567-2578, November 2000. -   [10] G. Han and J. Rosenthal, “Unitary constellations with large     diversity sum and good diversity product,” Department of     Mathematics, University of Notre Dame, October 2002. -   [11] M. Shirvani, “The finite inner automorphism groups of division     rings,” Math Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., vol. 118, pp. 207-213, 1995. -   [12] G. J. Foschini and M. J Gans, “On Limits of Wireless     Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multiple     Antennas,” Wireless Personal Communications 6: 311-335, 1998. -   [13] S. A. Amitsur, Finite Subgroups of Division Rings, Trans. Amer.     Math. Soc. (1955) 361-386.

TABLE 1 Bit allocation of S_(Q) _(2,) _(7,2) Binary 0 = −0.5000 + 0.5000i 0.5000 − 0.5000i −0.5000 − 0.5000i −0.5000 − 0.5000i Binary 1 = −0.7559 + 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.7559 − 0.3780i Binary 2 = −0.3780 + 0.7559i 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.7559i Binary 3 = −0.8165 + 0.4082i 0.4082 −0.4082 −0.8165 − 0.4082i Binary 4 = −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.7559i −0.3780 − 0.7559i −0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 5 = −0.4082 0.4082 − 0.8165i −0.4082 − 0.8165i −0.4082 Binary 6 = −0.4472 + 0.8944i 0 0 −0.4472 − 0.8944i Binary 7 = −0.8944 0.4472 −0.4472 −0.8944 Binary 8 = −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.7559 − 0.3780i −0.7559 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 9 = −0.8165 0.4082 − 0.4082i −0.4082 − 0.4082i −0.8165 Binary 10 = −0.4082 + 0.4082i 0.8165 −0.8165 −0.4082 − 0.4082i Binary 11 = −0.5774 + 0.5774i 0.5774 −0.5774 −0.5774 − 0.5774i Binary 12 = −0.4082 0.8165 − 0.4082i −0.8165 − 0.4082i −0.4082 Binary 13 = −0.5774 0.5774 − 0.5774i −0.5774 − 0.5774i −0.5774 Binary 14 = −0.4472 0.8944 −0.8944 −0.4472 Binary 15 = −0.4082 + 0.8165i 0.4082 −0.4082 −0.4082 − 0.8165i Binary 16 = −0.5774 + 0.5774i 0 − 0.5774i −0.5774i −0.5774 − 0.5774i Binary 17 = −0.8165 + 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i −0.8165 − 0.4082i Binary 18 = −0.4082 + 0.8165i 0 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i −0.4082 − 0.8165i Binary 19 = −0.8944 + 0.4472i 0 0 −0.8944 − 0.4472i Binary 20 = −0.4082 + 0.4082i 0 − 0.8165i 0 − 0.8165i −0.4082 − 0.4082i Binary 21 = −0.4472 0 − 0.8944i 0 − 0.8944i −0.4472 Binary 22 = 0 + 0.4082i −0.4082 − 0.8165i 0.4082 − 0.8165i 0 − 0.4082i Binary 23 = 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.7559i 0.3780 − 0.7559i 0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 24 = 0.8944 0.4472 −0.4472 0.8944 Binary 25 = −0.8944 0 − 0.4472i 0 − 0.4472i −0.8944 Binary 26 = 0.4082 −0.8165 − 0.4082i 0.8165 − 0.4082i 0.4082 Binary 27 = 0.5774 −0.5774 − 0.5774i 0.5774 − 0.5774i 0.5774 Binary 28 = 0 −0.4472 − 0.8944i 0.4472 − 0.8944i 0 Binary 29 = 0 − 0.4472i 0 − 0.8944i 0 − 0.8944i 0 + 0.4472i Binary 30 = 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.7559 − 0.3780i 0.7559 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 31 = 0.4082 −0.4082 − 0.8165i 0.4082 − 0.8165i 0.4082 Binary 32 = −0.5774 + 0.5774i −0.5774 0.5774 −0.5774 − 0.5774i Binary 33 = −0.8165 + 0.4082i −0.4082 0.4082 −0.8165 − 0.4082i Binary 34 = −0.4082 0.4082 + 0.8165i −0.4082 + 0.8165i −0.4082 Binary 35 = −0.7559 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.7559 − 0.3780i Binary 36 = −0.4082 + 0.8165i −0.4082 0.4082 −0.4082 − 0.8165i Binary 37 = −0.3780 + 0.7559i −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.7559i Binary 38 = −0.5774 0.5774 + 0.5774i −0.5774 + 0.5774i −0.5774 Binary 39 = −0.8165 0.4082 + 0.4082i −0.4082 + 0.4082i −0.8165 Binary 40 = −0.4082 + 0.4082i −0.8165 0.8165 −0.4082 − 0.4082i Binary 41 = −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.7559i −0.3780 + 0.7559i −0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 42 = −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.7559 + 0.3780i −0.7559 + 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 43 = −0.5000 + 0.5000i 0.5000 + 0.5000i −0.5000 + 0.5000i −0.5000 − 0.5000i Binary 44 = 0 + 0.8944i −0.4472 0.4472 0 − 0.8944i Binary 45 = −0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.7559i 0.3780 + 0.7559i −0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 46 = −0.4082 0.8165 + 0.4082i −0.8165 + 0.4082i −0.4082 Binary 47 = −0.3780 + 0.7559i 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.7559i Binary 48 = −0.5000 + 0.5000i −0.5000 − 0.5000i 0.5000 − 0.5000i −0.5000 − 0.5000i Binary 49 = −0.7559 + 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.7559 − 0.3780i Binary 50 = −0.3780 + 0.7559i −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.7559i Binary 51 = −0.8165 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i −0.8165 − 0.4082i Binary 52 = −0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.7559i 0.3780 − 0.7559i −0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 53 = −0.7559 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.7559 − 0.3780i Binary 54 = 0 + 0.8165i −0.4082 − 0.4082i 0.4082 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.8165i Binary 55 = −0.8944 0 + 0.4472i 0 + 0.4472i −0.8944 Binary 56 = −0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.7559 − 0.3780i 0.7559 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 57 = −0.4082 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.8165i 0 + 0.8165i −0.4082 − 0.4082i Binary 58 = 0 + 0.4082i −0.8165 − 0.4082i 0.8165 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i Binary 59 = −0.5774 + 0.5774i 0 + 0.5774i 0 + 0.5774i −0.5774 − 0.5774i Binary 60 = −0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.7559 + 0.3780i 0.7559 + 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 61 = −0.5000 + 0.5000i −0.5000 + 0.5000i 0.5000 + 0.5000i −0.5000 − 0.5000i Binary 62 = 0 + 0.5774i −0.5774 − 0.5774i 0.5774 − 0.5774i 0 − 0.5774i Binary 63 = −0.4082 + 0.8165i 0 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i −0.4082 − 0.8165i Binary 64 = 0.5000 − 0.5000i −0.5000 − 0.5000i 0.5000 − 0.5000i 0.5000 + 0.5000i Binary 65 = 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.7559i 0.3780 − 0.7559i 0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 66 = 0.4082 − 0.8165i −0.4082 0.4082 0.4082 + 0.8165i Binary 67 = 0 − 0.8944i −0.4472 0.4472 0 + 0.8944i Binary 68 = −0.4082 − 0.8165i 0.4082 −0.4082 −0.4082 + 0.8165i Binary 69 = −0.7559 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.7559 + 0.3780i Binary 70 = −0.5774 − 0.5774i 0.5774 −0.5774 −0.5774 + 0.5774i Binary 71 = −0.8165 − 0.4082i 0.4082 −0.4082 −0.8165 + 0.4082i Binary 72 = 0.3780 − 0.7559i −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.7559i Binary 73 = 0 − 0.8944i 0 − 0.4472i 0 − 0.4472i 0 + 0.8944i Binary 74 = 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.7559 − 0.3780i 0.7559 − 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 75 = 0 − 0.8165i −0.4082 − 0.4082i 0.4082 − 0.4082i 0 + 0.8165i Binary 76 = −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.7559 − 0.3780i −0.7559 − 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 77 = −0.5000 − 0.5000i 0.5000 − 0.5000i −0.5000 − 0.5000i −0.5000 + 0.5000i Binary 78 = −0.4082 − 0.4082i 0.8165 −0.8165 −0.4082 + 0.4082i Binary 79 = −0.3780 − 0.7559i 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.7559i Binary 80 = −0.5000 − 0.5000i −0.5000 − 0.5000i 0.5000 − 0.5000i −0.5000 + 0.5000i Binary 81 = −0.7559 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.7559 + 0.3780i Binary 82 = −0.3780 − 0.7559i −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.7559i Binary 83 = −0.4082 − 0.8165i −0.4082 0.4082 −0.4082 + 0.8165i Binary 84 = −0.5774 − 0.5774i 0 − 0.5774i 0 − 0.5774i −0.5774 + 0.5774i Binary 85 = −0.8165 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i −0.8165 + 0.4082i Binary 86 = −0.4082 − 0.8165i 0 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i −0.4082 + 0.8165i Binary 87 = −0.8944 − 0.4472i 0 0 −0.8944 + 0.4472i Binary 88 = −0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.7559i 0.3780 − 0.7559i −0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 89 = −0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.7559 − 0.3780i 0.7559 − 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 90 = 0 − 0.4082i −0.8165 − 0.4082i 0.8165 − 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i Binary 91 = 0 − 0.5774i −0.5774 − 0.5774i 0.5774 − 0.5774i 0 + 0.5774i Binary 92 = −0.4082 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.8165i 0 − 0.8165i −0.4082 + 0.4082i Binary 93 = −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.7559i −0.3780 − 0.7559i −0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 94 = −0.4082 − 0.8165i 0 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i −0.4082 + 0.8165i Binary 95 = −0.4472 − 0.8944i 0 0 −0.4472 + 0.8944i Binary 96 = 0.7559 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.7559 + 0.3780i Binary 97 = −0.8944 −0.4472 0.4472 −0.8944 Binary 98 = −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.7559i −0.3780 + 0.7559i −0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 99 = −0.8165 − 0.4082i −0.4082 0.4082 −0.8165 + 0.4082i Binary 100 = −0.3780 − 0.7559i 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.7559i Binary 101 = −0.7559 − 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.7559 + 0.3780i Binary 102 = −0.5000 − 0.5000i 0.5000 + 0.5000i −0.5000 + 0.5000i −0.5000 + 0.5000i Binary 103 = −0.7559 − 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.7559 + 0.3780i Binary 104 = −0.4472 −0.8944 0.8944 −0.4472 Binary 105 = −0.4472 0 + 0.8944i 0 + 0.8944i −0.4472 Binary 106 = 0.5774 − 0.5774i −0.5774 0.5774 0.5774 + 0.5774i Binary 107 = 0.8165 − 0.4082i −0.4082 0.4082 0.8165 + 0.4082i Binary 108 = −0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.7559 + 0.3780i 0.7559 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 109 = −0.4082 −0.4082 + 0.8165i 0.4082 + 0.8165i −0.4082 Binary 110 = −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.7559 + 0.3780i −0.7559 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 111 = −0.5000 − 0.5000i −0.5000 + 0.5000i 0.5000 + 0.5000i −0.5000 + 0.5000i Binary 112 = −0.5774 −0.5774 − 0.5774i 0.5774 − 0.5774i −0.5774 Binary 113 = −0.8165 −0.4082 − 0.4082i 0.4082 − 0.4082i −0.8165 Binary 114 = −0.4082 − 0.4082i 0 + 0.8165i 0 + 0.8165i −0.4082 + 0.4082i Binary 115 = −0.5774 − 0.5774i −0.5774 0.5774 −0.5774 + 0.5774i Binary 116 = −0.4082 −0.4082 − 0.8165i 0.4082 − 0.8165i −0.4082 Binary 117 = −0.8165 −0.4082 + 0.4082i 0.4082 + 0.4082i −0.8165 Binary 118 = −0.5774 − 0.5774i 0 + 0.5774i 0 + 0.5774i −0.5774 + 0.5774i Binary 119 = −0.8165 − 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i −0.8165 + 0.4082i Binary 120 = −0.4082 −0.8165 − 0.4082i 0.8165 − 0.4082i −0.4082 Binary 121 = −0.4082 − 0.4082i −0.8165 0.8165 −0.4082 + 0.4082i Binary 122 = 0 −0.8944 − 0.4472i 0.8944 − 0.4472i 0 Binary 123 = 0 − 0.4082i −0.4082 − 0.8165i 0.4082 − 0.8165i 0 + 0.4082i Binary 124 = −0.4082 −0.8165 + 0.4082i 0.8165 + 0.4082i −0.4082 Binary 125 = −0.5774 −0.5774 + 0.5774i 0.5774 + 0.5774i −0.5774 Binary 126 = −0.3780 − 0.7559i −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.7559i Binary 127 = −0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.7559i 0.3780 + 0.7559i −0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 128 = 0 + 0.5774i 0.5774 − 0.5774i −0.5774 − 0.5774i 0 − 0.5774i Binary 129 = 0.7559 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.7559 − 0.3780i Binary 130 = 0 + 0.8165i 0.4082 − 0.4082i −0.4082 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.8165i Binary 126 = 0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.7559 − 0.3780i −0.7559 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 126 = 0 + 0.4082i 0.4082 − 0.8165i −0.4082 − 0.8165i 0 − 0.4082i Binary 127 = 0 0.4472 − 0.8944i −0.4472 − 0.8944i 0 Binary 128 = 0.8165 + 0.4082i −0.4082 0.4082 0.8165 − 0.4082i Binary 129 = 0.5774 + 0.5774i 0.5774 −0.5774 0.5774 − 0.5774i Binary 130 = 0 + 0.4082i 0.8165 − 0.4082i −0.8165 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i Binary 131 = 0.5000 + 0.5000i 0.5000 + 0.5000i −0.5000 + 0.5000i 0.5000 − 0.5000i Binary 132 = 0 + 0.4472i 0.8944 −0.8944 0 − 0.4472i Binary 133 = 0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.7559 + 0.3780i −0.7559 + 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 134 = 0 0.8944 − 0.4472i −0.8944 − 0.4472i 0 Binary 135 = 0.3780 + 0.7559i 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.7559i Binary 136 = 0.5774 + 0.5774i −0.5774 0.5774 0.5774 − 0.5774i Binaiy 137 = 0 + 0.8944i 0.4472 −0.4472 0 − 0.8944i Binary 138 = 0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.7559i −0.3780 − 0.7559i 0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 139 = 0.4082 + 0.4082i 0 − 0.8165i 0 − 0.8165i 0.4082 − 0.4082i Binary 140 = 0 + 0.8944i 0 − 0.4472i 0 − 0.4472i 0 − 0.8944i Binary 141 = 0.8165 −0.4082 − 0.4082i 0.4082 − 0.4082i 0.8165 Binary 142 = 0 + 0.4472i 0 − 0.8944i 0 − 0.8944i 0 − 0.4472i Binary 143 = 0.4472 0 − 0.8944i 0 − 0.8944i 0.4472 Binary 144 = 0.5000 + 0.5000i −0.5000 − 0.5000i 0.5000 − 0.5000i 0.5000 − 0.5000i Binary 145 = 0.7559 + 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.7559 − 0.3780i Binary 146 = 0.5000 + 0.5000i −0.5000 + 0.5000i 0.5000 + 0.5000i 0.5000 − 0.5000i Binary 147 = 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.7559i 0.3780 + 0.7559i 0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 148 = 0.4082 −0.8165 + 0.4082i 0.8165 + 0.4082i 0.4082 Binary 149 = 0.5774 −0.5774 + 0.5774i 0.5774 + 0.5774i 0.5774 Binary 150 = 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.7559 + 0.3780i 0.7559 + 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 151 = 0 − 0.4082i 0.4082 − 0.8165i −0.4082 − 0.8165i 0 + 0.4082i Binary 152 = 0.4082 + 0.4082i −0.8165 0.8165 0.4082 − 0.4082i Binary 153 = 0.4082 + 0.4082i 0.8165 −0.8165 0.4082 − 0.4082i Binary 154 = 0.3780 + 0.7559i 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.7559i Binary 155 = 0.5000 + 0.5000i 0.5000 − 0.5000i −0.5000 − 0.5000i 0.5000 − 0.5000i Binary 156 = 0 0.4472 + 0.8944i −0.4472 + 0.8944i 0 Binary 157 = 0.7559 + 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.7559 − 0.3780i Binary 158 = 0.4472 + 0.8944i 0 0 0.4472 − 0.8944i Binary 159 = 0.4082 + 0.8165i 0.4082 −0.4082 0.4082 − 0.8165i Binary 160 = 0.4082 + 0.8165i −0.4082 0.4082 0.4082 − 0.8165i Binary 161 = 0.4082 + 0.8165i 0 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i 0.4082 − 0.8165i Binary 162 = 0.7559 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.7559 − 0.3780i Binary 163 = 0 + 0.4082i 0.4082 + 0.8165i −0.4082 + 0.8165i 0 − 0.4082i Binary 164 = 0 + 0.4082i 0.8165 + 0.4082i −0.8165 + 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i Binary 165 = 0 + 0.5774i 0.5774 + 0.5774i −0.5774 + 0.5774i 0 − 0.5774i Binary 166 = 0.3780 + 0.7559i −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.7559i Binary 167 = 0 + 0.8165i −0.4082 + 0.4082i 0.4082 + 0.4082i 0 − 0.8165i Binary 168 = 0 0.8944 + 0.4472i −0.8944 + 0.4472i 0 Binary 169 = 0 + 0.8165i 0.4082 + 0.4082i −0.4082 + 0.4082i 0 − 0.8165i Binary 170 = 0.4082 + 0.8165i 0 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i 0.4082 − 0.8165i Binary 171 = 0.5774 + 0.5774i 0 − 0.5774i 0 − 0.5774i 0.5774 − 0.5774i Binary 172 = 0.8944 −0.4472 0.4472 0.8944 Binary 173 = 0.8165 + 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i 0.8165 − 0.4082i Binary 174 = 0.5774 0.5774 − 0.5774i −0.5774 − 0.5774i 0.5774 Binary 175 = 0.4082 0.4082 − 0.8165i −0.4082 − 0.8165i 0.4082 Binary 176 = 0.3780 + 0.7559i −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.7559i Binary 177 = 0.8165 0.4082 − 0.4082i −0.4082 − 0.4082i 0.8165 Binary 178 = 0 + 0.4472i −0.8944 0.8944 0 − 0.4472i Binary 179 = 0 + 0.4082i −0.4082 + 0.8165i 0.4082 + 0.8165i 0 − 0.4082i Binary 180 = 0.7559 − 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.7559 + 0.3780i Binary 181 = 0 + 0.4472i 0 + 0.8944i 0 + 0.8944i 0 − 0.4472i Binary 182 = 0 + 0.4082i −0.8165 + 0.4082i 0.8165 + 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i Binary 183 = 0 + 0.5774i −0.5774 + 0.5774i 0.5774 + 0.5774i 0 − 0.5774i Binary 184 = 0.8165 −0.4082 + 0.4082i 0.4082 + 0.4082i 0.8165 Binary 185 = 0 + 0.8944i 0 + 0.4472i 0 + 0.4472i 0 − 0.8944i Binary 186 = 0.4472 − 0.8944i 0 0 0.4472 + 0.8944i Binary 187 = 0.4082 − 0.8165i 0 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i 0.4082 + 0.8165i Binary 188 = 0.3780 − 0.7559i 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.7559i Binary 189 = 0.5000 − 0.5000i 0.5000 + 0.5000i −0.5000 + 0.5000i 0.5000 + 0.5000i Binary 190 = 0 − 0.8944i 0.4472 −0.4472 0 + 0.8944i Binary 191 = 0.3780 − 0.7559i 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.7559i Binary 192 = 0 − 0.8165i 0.4082 + 0.4082i −0.4082 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.8165i Binary 193 = 0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.7559 + 0.3780i −0.7559 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 194 = 0.8944 0 + 0.4472i 0 + 0.4472i 0.8944 Binary 195 = 0.8165 0.4082 + 0.4082i −0.4082 + 0.4082i 0.8165 Binary 196 = 0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.7559i −0.3780 + 0.7559i 0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 197 = 0.5774 0.5774 + 0.5774i −0.5774 + 0.5774i 0.5774 Binary 198 = 0 − 0.4082i 0.8165 − 0.4082i −0.8165 − 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i Binary 199 = 0 − 0.8165i 0.4082 − 0.4082i −0.4082 − 0.4082i 0 + 0.8165i Binary 200 = 0 − 0.4472i 0.8944 −0.8944 0 + 0.4472i Binary 201 = 0.4082 0.8165 + 0.4082i −0.8165 + 0.4082i 0.4082 Binary 202 = 0.4082 − 0.8165i 0.4082 −0.4082 0.4082 + 0.8165i Binary 203 = 0.5774 − 0.5774i 0 − 0.5774i 0 − 0.5774i 0.5774 + 0.5774i Binary 204 = 0.4082 − 0.8165i 0 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i 0.4082 + 0.8165i Binary 205 = 0.7559 − 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.7559 + 0.3780i Binary 206 = 0.5774 − 0.5774i 0.5774 −0.5774 0.5774 + 0.5774i Binary 207 = 0.4082 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.8165i 0 − 0.8165i 0.4082 + 0.4082i Binary 208 = 0 − 0.8944i 0 + 0.4472i 0 + 0.4472i 0 + 0.8944i Binary 209 = 0.4082 − 0.4082i 0.8165 −0.8165 0.4082 + 0.4082i Binary 210 = 0.8165 − 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i 0.8165 + 0.4082i Binary 211 = 0.4082 −0.4082 + 0.8165i 0.4082 + 0.8165i 0.4082 Binary 212 = 0.5774 − 0.5774i 0 + 0.5774i 0 + 0.5774i 0.5774 + 0.5774i Binary 213 = 0.4082 − 0.4082i 0 + 0.8165i 0 + 0.8165i 0.4082 + 0.4082i Binary 214 = 0.8165 − 0.4082i 0.4082 −0.4082 0.8165 + 0.4082i Binary 215 = 0 − 0.5774i 0.5774 − 0.5774i −0.5774 − 0.5774i 0 + 0.5774i Binary 216 = 0.4472 −0.8944 0.8944 0.4472 Binary 217 = 4472 0.8944 −0.8944 0.4472 Binary 218 = 0.4082 0.8165 − 0.4082i −0.8165 − 0.4082i 0.4082 Binary 219 = 0.8944 0 − 0.4472i 0 − 0.4472i 0.8944 Binary 220 = 0 − 0.4082i 0.4082 + 0.8165i −0.4082 + 0.8165i 0 + 0.4082i Binary 221 = 0.8165 + 0.4082i 0.4082 −0.4082 0.8165 − 0.4082i Binary 222 = 0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.7559 − 0.3780i −0.7559 − 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 223 = 0.5000 − 0.5000i 0.5000 − 0.5000i −0.5000 − 0.5000i 0.5000 + 0.5000i Binary 224 = 0 − 0.5774i 0.5774 + 0.5774i −0.5774 + 0.5774i 0 + 0.5774i Binary 225 = 0.8165 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i 0.8165 − 0.4082i Binary 226 = 0.4082 − 0.4082i −0.8165 0.8165 0.4082 + 0.4082i Binary 227 = 0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.7559i −0.3780 + 0.7559i 0.3780 − 0.3780i Binary 228 = 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.7559 + 0.3780i 0.7559 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 229 = 0.4082 0.4082 + 0.8165i −0.4082 + 0.8165i 0.4082 Binary 230 = 0 − 0.4082i −0.8165 + 0.4082i 0.8165 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i Binary 231 = 0.4082 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.8165i 0 + 0.8165i 0.4082 − 0.4082i Binary 232 = 0 − 0.4082i 0.8165 + 0.4082i −0.8165 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.4082i Binary 233 = 0.5774 + 0.5774i 0 + 0.5774i 0 + 0.5774i 0.5774 − 0.5774i Binary 234 = 0.8944 − 0.4472i 0 0 0.8944 + 0.4472i Binary 235 = 0.8165 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i 0 − 0.4082i 0.8165 + 0.4082i Binary 236 = 0.3780 − 0.7559i −0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.3780i 0.3780 + 0.7559i Binary 237 = 0.8944 + 0.4472i 0 0 0.8944 − 0.4472i Binary 238 = 0.7559 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.7559 + 0.3780i Binary 239 = 0.3780 − 0.3780i 0.3780 − 0.7559i −0.3780 − 0.7559i 0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 240 = 0 − 0.8165i −0.4082 + 0.4082i 0.4082 + 0.4082i 0 + 0.8165i Binary 241 = 0 − 0.4472i 0 + 0.8944i 0 + 0.8944i 0 + 0.4472i Binary 242 = 0 − 0.4472i −0.8944 0.8944 0 + 0.4472i Binary 243 = 0.4472 0 + 0.8944i 0 + 0.8944i 0.4472 Binary 244 = 0.5000 − 0.5000i −0.5000 + 0.5000i 0.5000 + 0.5000i 0.5000 + 0.5000i Binary 245 = 0.3780 − 0.3780i −0.3780 + 0.7559i 0.3780 + 0.7559i 0.3780 + 0.3780i Binary 246 = 0 −0.8944 + 0.4472i 0.8944 + 0.4472i 0 Binary 247 = 0 −0.4472 + 0.8944i 0.4472 + 0.8944i 0 Binary 248 = 0 − 0.5774i −0.5774 + 0.5774i 0.5774 + 0.5774i 0 + 0.5774i Binary 249 = 0 − 0.4082i −0.4082 + 0.8165i 0.4082 + 0.8165i 0 + 0.4082i

TABLE 2 Bit allocation of Coset Extension of G_(63,37) Binary 0 = 0 1.0000 − 0.0000i 0 0 0 1.0000 + 0.0000i 0.7660 + 0.6428i 0 0 Binary 1 = 0.0739 + 0.7609i −0.0008 + 0.0279i 0.4060 − 0.5000i 0.1007 − 0.4901i −0.1545 + 0.6372i 0.4716 − 0.3121i −0.4007 + 0.0692i −0.7469 + 0.1069i −0.4246 − 0.2916i Binary 2 = 0.0266 + 0.0083i 0.1062 + 0.6353i −0.5184 − 0.5619i 0.5715 + 0.3213i −0.0781 + 0.5601i 0.2156 + 0.4515I −0.0994 + 0.7480i 0.4996 − 0.1254i 0.2776 − 0.2971i Binary 3 = 0.4351 − 0.2109i 0.5635 − 0.3833i −0.2743 − 0.4759i 0.1104 − 0.6464i −0.0909 − 0.1251i 0.7376 − 0.0445i 0.2901 + 0.5021i −0.5223 − 0.4887i 0.2303 − 0.3148i Binary 4 = −0.7971 − 0.6038i 0 0 0 −0.4113 + 0.9115i 0 0 0 −0.0249 − 0.9997i Binary 5 = 0.0244 + 0.0134i −0.5168 + 0.3843i 0.6410 + 0.4166i 0.4965 + 0.4282i −0.5341 + 0.1861i −0.3203 − 0.3843i −0.2456 + 0.7135i 0.3395 + 0.3874i −0.1957 + 0.3564i Binary 6 = 0.2708 − 0.9626i 0 0 0 −0.6617 + 0.7498i 0 0 0 −0.9988 − 0.0498i Binary 7 = 0.4562 − 0.8899i 0 0 0 −0.9691 − 0.2468i 0 0 0 0.9802 − 0.1981i Binary 8 = 0.2429 + 0.4181i −0.1510 − 0.6646i −0.4024 − 0.3739i 0.6528 + 0.0618i −0.1497 + 0.0389i 0.6917 − 0.2600i −0.4790 + 0.3268i −0.6457 + 0.3076i 0.1273 − 0.3687i Binary 9 = 0 0 −0.9010 + 0.4339i 0.9802 − 0.1981i 0 0 0 0.4562 − 0.8899i 0 Binary 10 = −0.2164 − 0.6463i 0.5383 + 0.1093i −0.2194 + 0.4308i −0.1450 + 0.0536i −0.4547 + 0.5825i 0.3023 + 0.5819i −0.6119 + 0.3704i 0.0837 + 0.3810i −0.5344 − 0.2251i Binary 11 = 0.2989 − 0.5705i 0.7253 − 0.2414i −0.0114 − 0.0254i 0.4004 − 0.3993i −0.5002 + 0.0108i −0.1373 − 0.6411i −0.4739 − 0.2017i 0.1566 + 0.3752i 0.6266 − 0.4204i Binary 12 = −0.7532 + 0.1306i 0.0256 + 0.0109i 0.2406 − 0.5975i 0.4962 + 0.0638i 0.5367 + 0.3766i 0.3587 − 0.4372i −0.0989 − 0.3944i −0.1734 + 0.7344i −0.4917 − 0.1535i Binary 13 = −0.0840 − 0.6763i 0.1484 + 0.5289i 0.1063 − 0.4717i −0.1528 + 0.0238i −0.7258 − 0.1389i −0.4365 − 0.4893i −0.6731 + 0.2418i −0.3009 + 0.2483i 0.5734 + 0.0862i Binary 14 = 0 0.3653 − 0.9309i 0 0 0 0.9556 − 0.2948i −0.5837 + 0.8119i 0 0 Binary 15 = −0.3631 − 0.4121i −0.3025 − 0.3772i −0.3414 + 0.5899i 0.7142 − 0.1898i −0.6547 + 0.0362i 0.1362 + 0.0733i 0.1634 − 0.3542i 0.4249 − 0.3945i 0.6826 + 0.2137i Binary 16 = 0.0175 − 0.0217i 0.2887 + 0.5757i 0.5216 − 0.5589i 0.5079 − 0.4146i 0.0905 + 0.5583i −0.4341 + 0.2487i 0.6600 + 0.3658i 0.4404 − 0.2671i 0.3170 + 0.2546i Binary 17 = 0.5425 − 0.8400i 0 0 0 0.6982 + 0.7159i 0 0 0 −0.3185 − 0.9479i Binary 18 = −0.2594 − 0.7191i −0.0063 + 0.0272i 0.6302 + 0.1332i 0.0233 + 0.4998i −0.2777 + 0.5939i 0.4929 + 0.2773i 0.3712 − 0.1659i −0.7533 − 0.0432i 0.0658 − 0.5109i Binary 19 = −0.3696 + 0.3118i 0.6283 − 0.2641i 0.2984 − 0.4612i 0.0525 + 0.6536i −0.0643 − 0.1406i 0.3761 + 0.6361i −0.4050 − 0.4150i −0.4151 − 0.5825i 0.3852 + 0.0613i Binary 20 = −0.6807 − 0.0347i 0.5466 − 0.0543i −0.4460 − 0.1866i −0.0031 + 0.1546i −0.2628 + 0.6907i −0.5577 + 0.3449i 0.1212 + 0.7049i 0.1923 + 0.3394i 0.1845 − 0.5497i Binary 21 = 0.0230 + 0.0158i 0.6414 − 0.0584i 0.3336 − 0.6878i 0.4514 + 0.4755i 0.5527 + 0.1197i −0.3415 + 0.3656i −0.3155 + 0.6855i −0.0877 − 0.5076i 0.3780 + 0.1499i Binary 22 = −0.0063 + 0.0272i 0.6302 + 0.1332i −0.6609 − 0.3841i −0.2777 + 0.5939i 0.4929 + 0.2773i 0.3391 + 0.3679i −0.7533 − 0.0432i 0.0658 − 0.5109i 0.1777 − 0.3657i Binary 23 = −0.0163 − 0.6813i 0.1492 − 0.5287i −0.4812 − 0.0469i −0.1544 + 0.0084i 0.5469 + 0.4970i −0.4312 + 0.4940i −0.6939 + 0.1736i 0.3862 − 0.0550i 0.0143 − 0.5797i Binary 24 = −0.1524 + 0.6643i 0.0415 − 0.5477i −0.2613 + 0.4068i 0.1517 + 0.0299i 0.6346 + 0.3787i 0.2429 + 0.6091i 0.7153 + 0.0030i 0.3677 − 0.1304i −0.5093 − 0.2772i Binary 25 = −0.0088 − 0.0265i −0.2105 + 0.6087i −0.6959 − 0.3164i −0.0728 − 0.6516i −0.3365 + 0.4546i 0.3740 + 0.3323i 0.6653 − 0.3559i 0.4987 + 0.1288i 0.1404 − 0.3816i Binary 26 = −0.0184 − 0.0210i 0.6171 − 0.1844i −0.4598 − 0.6107i −0.3202 − 0.5722i 0.5655 + 0.0078i 0.1696 + 0.4707i 0.4748 − 0.5864i −0.1865 − 0.4801i 0.3058 − 0.2679i Binary 27 = 0 0 −0.7331 + 0.6802i 0.2708 + 0.9626i 0 0 0 −0.6617 − 0.7498i 0 Binary 28 = −0.0278 − 0.0015i −0.0218 + 0.6437i 0.2635 − 0.7176i −0.6331 − 0.1703i −0.1875 + 0.5335i −0.3034 + 0.3978i −0.0882 − 0.7494i 0.5145 − 0.0239i 0.3910 + 0.1115i Binary 29 = 0.3692 + 0.5729i 0.5060 + 0.2138i −0.4835 + 0.0013i 0.1273 − 0.0877i −0.5611 + 0.4809i −0.3799 + 0.5345i 0.5016 − 0.5099i 0.0065 + 0.3900i −0.0435 − 0.5782i Binary 30 = 0.6283 − 0.2641i 0.2984 − 0.4612i −0.0827 + 0.4764i −0.0643 − 0.1406i 0.3761 + 0.6361i 0.4604 + 0.4670i −0.4151 − 0.5825i 0.3852 + 0.0613i −0.5770 − 0.0576i Binary 31 = 0.5913 + 0.2554i 0.0403 − 0.7634i −0.0184 − 0.0210i 0.4282 + 0.3695i −0.1727 + 0.4696i −0.3202 − 0.5722i 0.1657 − 0.4877i 0.4065 − 0.0087i 0.4748 − 0.5864i Binary 32 = −0.5486 + 0.0270i −0.3005 + 0.3788i 0.0516 − 0.6796i 0.2969 − 0.6767i 0.1810 + 0.6303i −0.1545 − 0.0070i −0.1751 − 0.3486i −0.4792 − 0.3265i −0.7077 + 0.1036i Binary 33 = −0.2597 − 0.5894i −0.3967 − 0.6534i 0.0213 + 0.0180i −0.0626 − 0.5621i 0.1219 + 0.4852i 0.4019 + 0.5181i −0.4532 + 0.2448i 0.3310 − 0.2362i −0.3821 + 0.6506i Binary 34 = 0.3336 − 0.6878i 0.0277 − 0.0027i 0.4538 − 0.4571i −0.3415 + 0.3656i 0.6514 + 0.0740i 0.5004 − 0.2636i 0.3780 + 0.1499i 0.1989 + 0.7279i −0.3934 − 0.3325i Binary 35 = 0 0 0.6235 − 0.7818i 0.4562 − 0.8899i 0 0 0 −0.9691 − 0.2468i 0 Binary 36 = 0.4828 − 0.0254i −0.0177 + 0.6813i −0.4685 − 0.2868i 0.3528 − 0.5527i 0.1546 − 0.0007i 0.6265 − 0.3919i 0.0723 + 0.5753i 0.7017 − 0.1388i 0.0517 − 0.3867i Binary 37 = 0.1191 − 0.6711i 0.5385 − 0.1084i 0.4779 − 0.0733i −0.1530 − 0.0223i −0.1927 + 0.7134i 0.2960 − 0.5851i −0.7145 + 0.0326i 0.2251 + 0.3186i 0.1292 + 0.5653i Binary 38 = 0.4539 − 0.1666i −0.6807 + 0.0333i −0.4381 + 0.3313i 0.1742 − 0.6322i 0.0123 + 0.1541i −0.1359 − 0.7264i 0.2386 + 0.5285i 0.1908 + 0.6893i −0.3410 − 0.1894i Binary 39 = 0.6138 + 0.1953i 0.3637 + 0.6724i 0.0231 − 0.0156i 0.4628 + 0.3250i −0.0975 − 0.4907i 0.6075 − 0.2465i 0.1164 − 0.5018i −0.3423 + 0.2194i 0.5228 + 0.5441i Binary 40 = −0.4812 − 0.0469i −0.4504 − 0.5115i −0.2255 − 0.5009i −0.4312 + 0.4940i −0.1128 + 0.1057i 0.7384 + 0.0291i 0.0143 − 0.5797i −0.4200 + 0.5790i 0.2605 − 0.2904i Binary 41 = 0.5354 − 0.3581i 0.5746 − 0.5042i −0.0140 + 0.0241i 0.5427 − 0.1592i −0.4567 + 0.2043i −0.4404 + 0.4857i −0.3198 − 0.4038i 0.2901 + 0.2849i −0.7071 − 0.2634i Binary 42 = 0 −0.1243 − 0.9922i 0 0 0 0.9950 + 0.0996i −0.3185 − 0.9479i 0 0 Binary 43 = 0.4538 − 0.4571i −0.1865 − 0.7413i 0.0195 − 0.0199i 0.5004 − 0.2636i −0.0266 + 0.4996i 0.5466 − 0.3620i −0.3934 − 0.3325i 0.3859 − 0.1281i 0.6203 + 0.4297i Binary 44 = 0.6682 − 0.1343i 0.5465 + 0.0551i −0.0374 − 0.4821i −0.0351 − 0.1506i −0.3944 + 0.6249i −0.5614 − 0.3389i −0.2914 − 0.6532i 0.1212 + 0.3708i 0.5734 − 0.0866i Binary 45 = 0.6982 − 0.7159i 0 0 0 −0.3185 + 0.9479i 0 0 0 0.5425 + 0.8400i Binary 46 = 0.0214 − 0.0178i −0.3806 + 0.5196i −0.3675 + 0.6703i 0.5800 − 0.3058i −0.4555 + 0.3352i 0.3593 − 0.3481i 0.5744 + 0.4893i 0.4386 + 0.2701i −0.3700 − 0.1686i Binary 47 = 0.3428 − 0.4292i 0.3190 − 0.3634i −0.6402 − 0.2338i 0.3109 + 0.6704i −0.1494 − 0.6385i −0.0485 + 0.1468i 0.3772 + 0.0994i 0.4623 + 0.3500i −0.0919 + 0.7093i Binary 48 = −0.7365 + 0.2049i −0.0276 + 0.0041i 0.5629 + 0.3130i 0.5001 + 0.0141i −0.6543 − 0.0415i 0.3892 + 0.4103i −0.1377 − 0.3826i −0.2350 − 0.7170i 0.2135 − 0.4688i Binary 49 = −0.4113 − 0.9115i 0 0 0 −0.0249 + 0.9997i 0 0 0 −0.7971 + 0.6038i Binary 50 = −0.4252 − 0.2301i 0.6782 − 0.0671i −0.4376 − 0.3320i −0.5893 + 0.2877i −0.0200 − 0.1533i 0.6624 − 0.3276i 0.2383 − 0.5286i −0.2249 − 0.6790i 0.0899 − 0.3796i Binary 51 = 0.0257 − 0.0107i 0.4897 + 0.4184i −0.7582 − 0.0972i 0.6443 − 0.1213i 0.3002 + 0.4793i 0.4553 + 0.2073i 0.4046 + 0.6369i 0.3021 − 0.4172i 0.0217 − 0.4060i Binary 52 = 0.2833 + 0.3918i 0.4754 + 0.4884i 0.4211 − 0.3528i 0.6557 − 0.0035i 0.1074 − 0.1112i 0.1719 + 0.7187i −0.4441 + 0.3729i 0.3906 − 0.5992i 0.3501 + 0.1721i Binary 53 = −0.6402 − 0.2338i −0.0133 − 0.5491i 0.0108 − 0.4834i −0.0485 + 0.1468i 0.6691 + 0.3137i −0.5248 − 0.3931i −0.0919 + 0.7093i 0.3529 − 0.1664i 0.5791 − 0.0291i Binary 54 = 0.9802 + 0.1981i 0 0 0 0.4562 + 0.8899i 0 0 0 −0.9691 + 0.2468i Binary 55 = 0 0 −0.5837 − 0.8119i 0.3653 + 0.9309i 0 0 0 0.9556 + 0.2948i 0 Binary 56 = −0.3984 + 0.5529i 0.4205 + 0.3534i −0.0349 + 0.4822i 0.1282 + 0.0865i −0.6779 + 0.2941i 0.5046 + 0.4188i 0.6579 + 0.2806i −0.1087 + 0.3746i −0.5799 + 0.0002i Binary 57 = −0.2255 − 0.5009i −0.3988 + 0.2734i −0.6738 − 0.1023i 0.7384 + 0.0291i −0.0128 + 0.6556i −0.0185 + 0.1535i 0.2605 − 0.2904i −0.3617 − 0.4532i 0.0504 + 0.7135i Binary 58 = 0 0 −0.7331 − 0.6802i 0.9950 + 0.0996i 0 0 0 −0.8533 − 0.5214i 0 Binary 59 = −0.5812 − 0.3560i 0.4826 − 0.2623i 0.1088 + 0.4711i −0.0767 + 0.1343i 0.0261 + 0.7385i 0.6056 + 0.2515i −0.2307 + 0.6770i 0.3090 + 0.2381i −0.5540 + 0.1711i Binary 60 = −0.9397 + 0.3420i 0 0 0 −0.9397 + 0.3420i 0 0 0 −0.9397 + 0.3420i Binary 61 = 0.0194 + 0.0200i 0.3446 + 0.5441i −0.1536 + 0.7489i 0.3483 + 0.5555i 0.1456 + 0.5465i 0.2407 − 0.4386i −0.4450 + 0.6094i 0.4117 − 0.3096i −0.4033 − 0.0520i Binary 62 = 0 0 −0.8533 + 0.5214i −0.7331 + 0.6802i 0 0 0 0.8262 + 0.5633i 0 Binary 63 = 0.3838 − 0.3929i −0.4616 + 0.1437i −0.1524 + 0.6643i 0.2427 + 0.6980i −0.2055 + 0.6227i 0.1517 + 0.0299i 0.3655 + 0.1364i −0.2120 − 0.5397i 0.7153 + 0.0030i Binary 64 = 0.5989 − 0.3253i −0.0141 + 0.5491i −0.4624 − 0.1413i −0.0780 − 0.1335i −0.6526 − 0.3466i −0.5206 + 0.3987i −0.4710 − 0.5383i −0.3607 + 0.1486i 0.1289 − 0.5654i Binary 65 = 0.9950 + 0.0996i 0 0 0 −0.8533 − 0.5214i 0 0 0 −0.1243 − 0.9922i Binary 66 = 0.9556 − 0.2948i 0 0 0 0.0747 + 0.9972i 0 0 0 0.3653 − 0.9309i Binary 67 = 0.3553 + 0.3279i 0.6515 − 0.2002i −0.4951 + 0.2379i 0.6420 − 0.1334i −0.0499 − 0.1463i 0.0107 − 0.7389i −0.3614 + 0.4535i −0.3550 − 0.6209i −0.2968 − 0.2532i Binary 68 = −0.0036 + 0.0276i −0.6072 + 0.2149i 0.4633 − 0.6080i −0.2172 + 0.6186i −0.5652 + 0.0204i −0.4072 + 0.2907i −0.7539 + 0.0320i 0.2102 + 0.4702i 0.3408 + 0.2218i Binary 69 = 0.6815 + 0.0007i 0.2003 + 0.5115i 0.1552 + 0.4579i −0.0046 − 0.1546i −0.7360 − 0.0659i 0.6276 + 0.1899i −0.1562 − 0.6980i −0.2747 + 0.2770i −0.5343 + 0.2254i Binary 70 = 0.7458 − 0.1680i −0.0036 + 0.0276i −0.6072 + 0.2149i −0.4988 − 0.0390i −0.2172 + 0.6186i −0.5652 + 0.0204i 0.1185 + 0.3890i −0.7539 + 0.0320i 0.2102 + 0.4702i Binary 71 = −0.6617 − 0.7498i 0 0 0 −0.9988 + 0.0498i 0 0 0 0.2708 + 0.9626i Binary 72 = 0 0 −0.9988 + 0.0498i −0.4113 + 0.9115i 0 0 0 −0.0249 − 0.9997i 0 Binary 73 = 0 0 0.5425 − 0.8400i 0.0747 + 0.9972i 0 0 0 0.3653 − 0.9309i 0 Binary 74 = 0.5466 − 0.0543i −0.4460 − 0.1866i −0.5437 + 0.4109i −0.2628 + 0.6907i −0.5577 + 0.3449i 0.0970 + 0.1204i 0.1923 + 0.3394i 0.1845 − 0.5497i 0.5460 + 0.4621i Binary 75 = 0 0 −0.9888 + 0.1490i −0.1243 − 0.9922i 0 0 0 0.9950 + 0.0996i 0 Binary 76 = 0.8262 − 0.5633i 0 0 0 −0.9888 + 0.1490i 0 0 0 −0.7331 − 0.6802i Binary 77 = 0.2497 − 0.6342i 0.3421 + 0.4297i −0.4450 + 0.1890i −0.1456 − 0.0522i −0.7228 + 0.1540i −0.1425 + 0.6401i −0.7068 − 0.1096i −0.1808 + 0.3457i −0.2647 − 0.5159i Binary 78 = 0.2887 + 0.5757i 0.5216 − 0.5589i −0.0006 − 0.0279i 0.0905 + 0.5583i −0.4341 + 0.2487i 0.1225 − 0.6441i 0.4404 − 0.2671i 0.3170 + 0.2546i 0.7407 − 0.1440i Binary 79 = 0.0150 + 0.0235i −0.3270 + 0.5549i −0.0359 − 0.7636i 0.2313 + 0.6135i −0.4199 + 0.3789i −0.1251 + 0.4844i −0.5569 + 0.5091i 0.4633 + 0.2251i 0.4036 − 0.0491i Binary 80 = 0.0277 − 0.0027i 0.4538 − 0.4571i −0.1865 − 0.7413i 0.6514 + 0.0740i 0.5004 − 0.2636i −0.0266 + 0.4996i 0.1989 + 0.7279i −0.3934 − 0.3325i 0.3859 − 0.1281i Binary 81 = 0.0614 + 0.4796i 0.6277 + 0.2654i −0.5322 − 0.1360i 0.5776 + 0.3105i 0.0558 − 0.1442i 0.4832 − 0.5591i −0.5683 + 0.1151i 0.1272 − 0.7039i −0.0646 − 0.3847i Binary 82 = 0.0074 + 0.0269i 0.5289 + 0.3675i 0.6977 − 0.3124i 0.0402 + 0.6544i 0.3465 + 0.4470i −0.4966 + 0.0606i −0.6823 + 0.3223i 0.2591 − 0.4452i 0.1932 + 0.3578i Binary 83 = −0.0185 + 0.0208i 0.6324 − 0.1220i 0.0739 + 0.7609i −0.5279 + 0.3888i 0.5619 + 0.0641i 0.1007 − 0.4901i −0.6409 − 0.3982i −0.1378 − 0.4963i −0.4007 + 0.0692i Binary 84 = −0.9397 − 0.3420i 0 0 0 −0.9397 − 0.3420i 0 0 0 −0.9397 − 0.3420i Binary 85 = 0 0 −0.6617 + 0.7498i −0.7331 − 0.6802i 0 0 0 0.8262 − 0.5633i 0 Binary 86 = 0.7660 + 0.6428i 0 0 0 0.7660 + 0.6428i 0 0 0 0.7660 + 0.6428i Binary 87 = 0.3971 + 0.5071i −0.2594 − 0.7191i −0.0063 + 0.0272i 0.1993 + 0.5293i 0.0233 + 0.4998i −0.2777 + 0.5939i 0.3788 − 0.3490i 0.3712 − 0.1659i −0.7533 − 0.0432i Binary 88 = −0.4504 − 0.5115i −0.2255 − 0.5009i −0.3988 + 0.2734i −0.1128 + 0.1057i 0.7384 + 0.0291i −0.0128 + 0.6556i −0.4200 + 0.5790i 0.2605 − 0.2904i −0.3617 − 0.4532i Binary 89 = 0.3116 − 0.6062i −0.0679 − 0.5451i 0.2429 + 0.4181i −0.1396 − 0.0664i 0.6970 + 0.2455i 0.6528 + 0.0618i −0.6924 − 0.1794i 0.3345 − 0.2007i −0.4790 + 0.3268i Binary 90 = 0.5627 + 0.3845i −0.1218 − 0.5356i −0.4252 − 0.2301i 0.0833 − 0.1303i 0.7180 + 0.1749i −0.5893 + 0.2877i 0.2641 − 0.6647i 0.3129 − 0.2330i 0.2383 − 0.5286i Binary 91 = −0.0276 + 0.0041i 0.5629 + 0.3130i −0.4324 + 0.6304i −0.6543 − 0.0415i 0.3892 + 0.4103i 0.3922 − 0.3106i −0.2350 − 0.7170i 0.2135 − 0.4688i −0.3514 − 0.2046i Binary 92 = 0.0103 − 0.0259i −0.5525 + 0.3310i −0.3297 − 0.6897i 0.3631 − 0.5459i −0.5499 + 0.1320i 0.0729 + 0.4950i 0.7385 + 0.1550i 0.2992 + 0.4193i 0.3528 − 0.2020i Binary 93 = 0.0126 + 0.0249i 0.5684 − 0.3030i −0.7532 + 0.1306i 0.1691 + 0.6335i 0.5558 − 0.1044i 0.4962 + 0.0638i −0.6049 + 0.4511i −0.2780 − 0.4337i −0.0989 − 0.3944i Binary 94 = 0.0502 + 0.6797i 0.5493 + 0.0004i 0.2833 + 0.3918i 0.1538 − 0.0161i −0.3303 + 0.6611i 0.6557 − 0.0035i 0.6844 − 0.2079i 0.1575 + 0.3569i −0.4441 + 0.3729i Binary 95 = 0.4754 + 0.4884i 0.4211 − 0.3528i 0.4689 + 0.1 181i 0.1074 − 0.1112i 0.1719 + 0.7187i 0.5000 − 0.4242i 0.3906 − 0.5992i 0.3501 + 0.1721i −0.1005 + 0.5711i Binary 96 = 0.0245 − 0.0132i −0.6360 − 0.1016i 0.1907 − 0.7403i 0.6291 − 0.1848i −0.5061 − 0.2524i −0.2623 + 0.4260i 0.4661 + 0.5934i −0.0403 + 0.5135i 0.4002 + 0.0720i Binary 97 = −0.6137 − 0.2964i −0.2750 + 0.4755i −0.4810 + 0.0494i −0.0629 + 0.1412i −0.4074 − 0.6165i −0.3248 + 0.5696i −0.1621 + 0.6966i −0.3878 − 0.0420i −0.1009 − 0.5710i Binary 98 = 0.6403 + 0.0698i 0.7643 − 0.0169i −0.0262 + 0.0094i 0.5180 + 0.2269i −0.4812 − 0.1371i −0.6496 + 0.0890i 0.0146 − 0.5149i 0.0390 + 0.4047i −0.3724 − 0.6563i Binary 99 = 0.5746 − 0.5042i −0.0140 + 0.0241i 0.1799 − 0.6184i −0.4567 + 0.2043i −0.4404 + 0.4857i 0.3134 − 0.4708i 0.2901 + 0.2849i −0.7071 − 0.2634i −0.5045 − 0.1038i Binary 100 = −0.0116 + 0.0254i 0.1689 + 0.6215i 0.7353 + 0.2091i −0.3899 + 0.5271i −0.0219 + 0.5651i −0.4194 − 0.2728i −0.7298 − 0.1916i 0.4846 − 0.1745i −0.0820 + 0.3982i Binary 101 = −0.0164 + 0.0226i −0.4760 + 0.4339i −0.7642 − 0.0212i −0.4866 + 0.4394i −0.5129 + 0.2383i 0.4737 + 0.1609i −0.6774 − 0.3324i 0.3764 + 0.3517i −0.0188 − 0.4062i Binary 102 = 0 0 −0.8533 − 0.5214i 0.5425 − 0.8400i 0 0 0 0.6982 + 0.7159i 0 Binary 103 = 0.8262 + 0.5633i 0 0 0 −0.9888 − 0.1490i 0 0 0 −0.7331 + 0.6802i Binary 104 = 0.0195 − 0.0199i 0.0538 − 0.6418i −0.6194 − 0.4480i 0.5466 − 0.3620i 0.2139 − 0.5235i 0.3008 + 0.3998i 0.6203 + 0.4297i −0.5151 − 0.0018i 0.2133 − 0.3462i Binary 105 = 0 0 −0.6617 − 0.7498i −0.7971 − 0.6038i 0 0 0 −0.4113 + 0.9115i 0 Binary 106 = 0.4255 − 0.5324i 0.4541 − 0.3091i −0.3385 − 0.3452i −0.1237 − 0.0928i 0.0995 + 0.7322i −0.6479 + 0.1012i −0.6431 − 0.3131i 0.3312 + 0.2061i 0.3836 − 0.4349i Binary 107 = 0.2510 − 0.4886i −0.1778 − 0.4496i 0.5627 + 0.3845i 0.4376 + 0.5955i −0.6363 − 0.1584i 0.0833 − 0.1303i 0.3894 + 0.0227i 0.5224 − 0.2517i 0.2641 − 0.6647i Binary 108 = 0.9215 + 0.3884i 0 0 0 −0.5837 + 0.8119i 0 0 0 0.8782 − 0.4783i Binary 109 = 0.5289 + 0.3675i 0.6977 − 0.3124i 0.0230 + 0.0158i 0.3465 + 0.4470i −0.4966 + 0.0606i 0.4514 + 0.4755i 0.2591 − 0.4452i 0.1932 + 0.3578i −0.3155 + 0.6855i Binary 110 = −0.6603 − 0.1689i 0.2977 + 0.4617i 0.4783 + 0.0708i −0.0337 + 0.1509i −0.7345 + 0.0812i 0.4553 − 0.4719i −0.0208 + 0.7150i −0.2143 + 0.3259i −0.0432 + 0.5782i Binary 111 = 0.4541 − 0.3091i −0.3385 − 0.3452i −0.0163 − 0.6813i 0.0995 + 0.7322i −0.6479 + 0.1012i −0.1544 + 0.0084i 0.3312 + 0.2061i 0.3836 − 0.4349i −0.6939 + 0.1736i Binary 112 = −0.9988 + 0.0498i 0 0 0 0.2708 + 0.9626i 0 0 0 −0.6617 − 0.7498i Binary 113 = −0.0262 − 0.0096i 0.6403 + 0.0698i 0.7643 − 0.0169i −0.5548 − 0.3494i 0.5180 + 0.2269i −0.4812 − 0.1371i 0.1366 − 0.7421i 0.0146 − 0.5149i 0.0390 + 0.4047i Binary 114 = −0.0006 − 0.0279i 0.5913 + 0.2554i 0.0403 − 0.7634i 0.1225 − 0.6441i 0.4282 + 0.3695i −0.1727 + 0.4696i 0.7407 − 0.1440i 0.1657 − 0.4877i 0.4065 − 0.0087i Binary 115 = 0.1839 + 0.6563i 0.2510 − 0.4886i −0.1778 − 0.4496i 0.1475 − 0.0463i 0.4376 + 0.5955i −0.6363 − 0.1584i 0.6296 − 0.3394i 0.3894 + 0.0227i 0.5224 − 0.2517i Binary 116 = −0.2810 + 0.6209i 0.5063 − 0.2130i 0.1528 − 0.4587i 0.1428 + 0.0594i −0.0475 + 0.7375i −0.3856 − 0.5304i 0.7005 + 0.1447i 0.2838 + 0.2677i 0.5620 + 0.1429i Binary 117 = 0 0.2708 − 0.9626i 0 0 0 −0.6617 + 0.7498i −0.7331 − 0.6802i 0 0 Binary 118 = 0 0 0.1736 − 0.9848i 0.7660 − 0.6428i 0 0 0 0.7660 − 0.6428i 0 Binary 119 = 0.6781 + 0.0686i 0.0958 − 0.5409i 0.4351 − 0.2109i 0.0108 − 0.1543i 0.5937 + 0.4400i 0.1104 − 0.6464i −0.0859 − 0.7101i 0.3788 − 0.0931i 0.2901 + 0.5021i Binary 120 = −0.0223 + 0.0167i 0.3971 + 0.5071i −0.2594 − 0.7191i −0.5945 + 0.2765i 0.1993 + 0.5293i 0.0233 + 0.4998i −0.5493 − 0.5173i 0.3788 − 0.3490i 0.3712 − 0.1659i Binary 121 = 0.6782 − 0.0671i −0.4376 − 0.3320i −0.4737 + 0.0970i −0.0200 − 0.1533i 0.6624 − 0.3276i −0.2665 + 0.5992i −0.2249 − 0.6790i 0.0899 − 0.3796i −0.1572 − 0.5581i Binary 122 = −0.5437 + 0.4109i 0.3838 − 0.3929i −0.4616 + 0.1437i 0.0970 + 0.1204i 0.2427 + 0.6980i −0.2055 + 0.6227i 0.5460 + 0.4621i 0.3655 + 0.1364i −0.2120 − 0.5397i Binary 123 = −0.0218 + 0.6437i 0.2635 − 0.7176i −0.0223 + 0.0167i −0.1875 + 0.5335i −0.3034 + 0.3978i −0.5945 + 0.2765i 0.5145 − 0.0239i 0.3910 + 0.1115i −0.5493 − 0.5173i Binary 124 = 0.6511 + 0.2016i 0.5250 − 0.1615i −0.3696 + 0.3118i 0.0412 − 0.1490i −0.1207 + 0.7291i 0.0525 + 0.6536i 0.0565 − 0.7130i 0.2557 + 0.2946i −0.4050 − 0.4150i Binary 125 = 0 0 −0.7971 − 0.6038i −0.9010 + 0.4339i 0 0 0 0.6235 − 0.7818i 0 Binary 126 = −0.0237 − 0.0146i 0.2300 + 0.6016i −0.7365 + 0.2049i −0.4746 − 0.4524i 0.0345 + 0.5645i 0.5001 + 0.0141i 0.2809 − 0.7003i 0.4648 − 0.2219i −0.1377 − 0.3826i Binary 127 = −0.1489 + 0.6266i 0.7588 − 0.0929i 0.0175 − 0.0217i −0.2895 + 0.4858i −0.4924 − 0.0885i 0.5079 − 0.4146i 0.5091 + 0.0785i 0.0791 + 0.3988i 0.6600 + 0.3658i Binary 128 = 0.0538 − 0.6418i −0.6194 − 0.4480i 0.0022 − 0.0278i 0.2139 − 0.5235i 0.3008 + 0.3998i 0.1860 − 0.6287i −0.5151 − 0.0018i 0.2133 − 0.3462i 0.7513 − 0.0695i Binary 129 = −0.4947 − 0.2387i −0.1297 + 0.4658i −0.5819 + 0.3548i 0.5844 − 0.4523i 0.4116 + 0.5105i 0.0845 + 0.1295i 0.0129 − 0.3899i −0.5684 − 0.1147i 0.4973 + 0.5141i Binary 130 = 0.4548 + 0.1642i −0.5428 − 0.4121i −0.5486 − 0.0278i 0.5398 − 0.3723i −0.0897 + 0.1260i 0.3628 − 0.6438i −0.1569 + 0.5582i −0.2969 + 0.6507i −0.1395 − 0.3643i Binary 131 = −0.3005 + 0.3788i 0.0516 − 0.6796i −0.4030 + 0.3733i 0.1810 + 0.6303i −0.1545 − 0.0070i −0.2076 − 0.7092i −0.4792 − 0.3265i −0.7077 + 0.1036i −0.3582 − 0.1545i Binary 132 = 0 0 −0.9397 + 0.3420i −0.9397 − 0.3420i 0 0 0 −0.9397 − 0.3420i 0 Binary 133 = −0.1322 − 0.4651i −0.2797 − 0.6215i −0.5163 + 0.1875i −0.6174 − 0.2210i −0.1390 + 0.0678i 0.0842 − 0.7342i 0.5448 − 0.1985i −0.5720 + 0.4295i −0.2701 − 0.2815i Binary 134 = −0.1510 − 0.6646i −0.4024 − 0.3739i 0.4548 + 0.1642i −0.1497 + 0.0389i 0.6917 − 0.2600i 0.5398 − 0.3723i −0.6457 + 0.3076i 0.1273 − 0.3687i −0.1569 + 0.5582i Binary 135 = 0.0747 − 0.9972i 0 0 0 0.3653 + 0.9309i 0 0 0 0.9556 + 0.2948i Binary 136 = −0.4616 + 0.1437i −0.1524 + 0.6643i 0.0415 − 0.5477i −0.2055 + 0.6227i 0.1517 + 0.0299i 0.6346 + 0.3787i −0.2120 − 0.5397i 0.7153 + 0.0030i 0.3677 − 0.1304i Binary 137 = −0.1218 − 0.5356i −0.4252 − 0.2301i 0.6782 − 0.0671i 0.7180 + 0.1749i −0.5893 + 0.2877i −0.0200 − 0.1533i 0.3129 − 0.2330i 0.2383 − 0.5286i −0.2249 − 0.6790i Binary 138 = 0.0047 + 0.0275i −0.2597 − 0.5894i −0.3967 − 0.6534i −0.0252 + 0.6552i −0.0626 − 0.5621i 0.1219 + 0.4852i −0.7110 + 0.2528i −0.4532 + 0.2448i 0.3310 − 0.2362i Binary 139 = 0.0256 + 0.0109i 0.2406 − 0.5975i −0.4930 + 0.5842i 0.5367 + 0.3766i 0.3587 − 0.4372i 0.4212 − 0.2700i −0.1734 + 0.7344i −0.4917 − 0.1535i −0.3293 − 0.2385i Binary 140 = −0.5525 + 0.3310i −0.3297 − 0.6897i −0.0088 − 0.0265i −0.5499 + 0.1320i 0.0729 + 0.4950i −0.0728 − 0.6516i 0.2992 + 0.4193i 0.3528 − 0.2020i 0.6653 − 0.3559i Binary 141 = 0.6414 − 0.0584i 0.3336 − 0.6878i 0.0277 − 0.0027i 0.5527 + 0.1197i −0.3415 + 0.3656i 0.6514 + 0.0740i −0.0877 − 0.5076i 0.3780 + 0.1499i 0.1989 + 0.7279i Binary 142 = −0.0162 − 0.0227i −0.6227 − 0.1645i −0.5488 + 0.5322i −0.2616 − 0.6012i −0.4784 − 0.3015i 0.4460 − 0.2268i 0.5309 − 0.5362i −0.0912 + 0.5070i −0.3039 − 0.2701i Binary 143 = 0.1492 − 0.5287i −0.4812 − 0.0469i −0.4504 − 0.5115i 0.5469 + 0.4970i −0.4312 + 0.4940i −0.1128 + 0.1057i 0.3862 − 0.0550i 0.0143 − 0.5797i −0.4200 + 0.5790i Binary 144 = 0 0 −0.2225 − 0.9749i −0.9691 − 0.2468i 0 0 0 0.9802 − 0.1981i 0 Binary 145 = 0.0128 − 0.0248i 0.6441 + 0.0057i −0.6433 + 0.4129i 0.4156 − 0.5071i 0.5381 + 0.1742i 0.4820 − 0.1339i 0.7194 + 0.2278i −0.0367 − 0.5138i −0.2443 − 0.3250i Binary 146 = −0.3967 − 0.6534i 0.0213 + 0.0180i −0.5778 − 0.2846i 0.1219 + 0.4852i 0.4019 + 0.5181i −0.4092 − 0.3904i 0.3310 − 0.2362i −0.3821 + 0.6506i −0.1898 + 0.4788i Binary 147 = −0.6740 + 0.1009i 0.2011 − 0.5112i 0.3862 + 0.2909i 0.0276 + 0.1522i 0.4947 + 0.5489i 0.6256 − 0.1967i 0.2585 + 0.6669i 0.3898 − 0.0162i −0.3145 + 0.4872i Binary 148 = 0.7253 − 0.2414i −0.0114 − 0.0254i −0.1378 − 0.6292i −0.5002 + 0.0108i −0.1373 − 0.6411i 0.0501 − 0.5633i 0.1566 + 0.3752i 0.6266 − 0.4204i −0.4927 + 0.1501i Binary 149 = −0.5837 − 0.8119i 0 0 0 0.8782 + 0.4783i 0 0 0 0.9215 − 0.3884i Binary 150 = 0.0277 + 0.0029i 0.6138 + 0.1953i 0.3637 + 0.6724i 0.6239 + 0.2017i 0.4628 + 0.3250i −0.0975 − 0.4907i 0.0508 + 0.7528i 0.1164 − 0.5018i −0.3423 + 0.2194i Binary 151 = 0 0.6235 − 0.7818i 0 0 0 −0.2225 − 0.9749i −0.9691 − 0.2468i 0 0 Binary 152 = −0.6609 − 0.3841i 0.0126 + 0.0249i 0.5684 − 0.3030i 0.3391 + 0.3679i 0.1691 + 0.6335i 0.5558 − 0.1044i 0.1777 − 0.3657i −0.6049 + 0.4511i −0.2780 − 0.4337i Binary 153 = −0.6738 − 0.1023i −0.4947 − 0.2387i −0.1297 + 0.4658i −0.0185 + 0.1535i 0.5844 − 0.4523i 0.4116 + 0.5105i 0.0504 + 0.7135i 0.0129 − 0.3899i −0.5684 − 0.1147i Binary 154 = −0.2225 − 0.9749i 0 0 0 −0.9010 + 0.4339i 0 0 0 0.6235 − 0.7818i Binary 155 = 0 0 −0.9691 − 0.2468i 0.8782 + 0.4783i 0 0 0 0.9215 − 0.3884i 0 Binary 156 = −0.6606 + 0.1675i 0.0950 + 0.5410i −0.3367 + 0.3470i 0.0426 + 0.1486i −0.7084 − 0.2104i 0.1173 + 0.6452i 0.3236 + 0.6379i −0.3241 + 0.2171i −0.4443 − 0.3726i Binary 157 = −0.0061 − 0.0272i 0.4970 − 0.4096i −0.2274 + 0.7298i −0.0075 − 0.6556i 0.5241 − 0.2124i 0.2832 − 0.4124i 0.6975 − 0.2879i −0.3584 − 0.3700i −0.3961 − 0.0919i Binary 158 = 0.6277 + 0.2654i −0.5322 − 0.1360i 0.3553 + 0.3279i 0.0558 − 0.1442i 0.4832 − 0.5591i 0.6420 − 0.1334i 0.1272 − 0.7039i −0.0646 − 0.3847i −0.3614 + 0.4535i Binary 159 = 0 0.0747 − 0.9972i 0 0 0 0.3653 + 0.9309i 0.5425 + 0.8400i 0 0 Binary 160 = −0.0251 − 0.0122i −0.5100 − 0.3934i −0.1118 − 0.7562i −0.5173 − 0.4029i −0.3237 − 0.4637i −0.0762 + 0.4945i 0.2098 − 0.7248i −0.2810 + 0.4317i 0.3967 − 0.0891i Binary 161 = 0.2984 − 0.4612i −0.0827 + 0.4764i 0.3116 − 0.6062i 0.3761 + 0.6361i 0.4604 + 0.4670i −0.1396 − 0.0664i 0.3852 + 0.0613i −0.5770 − 0.0576i −0.6924 − 0.1794i Binary 162 = −0.4376 − 0.3320i −0.4737 + 0.0970i 0.4764 − 0.4874i 0.6624 − 0.3276i −0.2665 + 0.5992i −0.1139 − 0.1046i 0.0899 − 0.3796i −0.1572 − 0.5581i −0.6087 − 0.3755i Binary 163 = 0.0049 − 0.0274i 0.0424 + 0.6427i 0.1493 + 0.7497i 0.2477 − 0.6070i −0.1335 + 0.5496i 0.0515 − 0.4976i 0.7545 + 0.0056i 0.5096 − 0.0750i −0.3918 + 0.1087i Binary 164 = 0.7621 + 0.0593i 0.0273 + 0.0056i −0.4219 − 0.4867i −0.4651 − 0.1843i 0.6007 + 0.2628i −0.2254 − 0.5187i −0.0015 + 0.4066i −0.0244 + 0.7542i −0.3609 + 0.3675i Binary 165 = 0 0.1736 − 0.9848i 0 0 0 0.1736 − 0.9848i 0.7660 − 0.6428i 0 0 Binary 166 = −0.6144 + 0.2951i 0.5248 + 0.1623i 0.4119 − 0.2532i 0.0712 + 0.1373i −0.5104 + 0.5344i 0.0455 − 0.6542i 0.4436 + 0.5611i 0.0453 + 0.3875i 0.3386 + 0.4707i Binary 167 = 0.1799 − 0.6184i 0.1161 − 0.7556i 0.0047 + 0.0275i 0.3134 − 0.4708i −0.2186 + 0.4500i −0.0252 + 0.6552i −0.5045 − 0.1038i 0.4054 + 0.0318i −0.7110 + 0.2528i Binary 168 = 0 −0.7331 + 0.6802i 0 0 0 0.8262 + 0.5633i −0.6617 − 0.7498i 0 0 Binary 169 = 0.0403 − 0.7634i −0.0184 − 0.0210i 0.6171 − 0.1844i −0.1727 + 0.4696i −0.3202 − 0.5722i 0.5655 + 0.0078i 0.4065 − 0.0087i 0.4748 − 0.5864i −0.1865 − 0.4801i Binary 170 = −0.5819 + 0.3548i −0.5324 + 0.1351i 0.2000 + 0.4402i 0.0845 + 0.1295i 0.1569 − 0.7221i 0.6434 + 0.1265i 0.4973 + 0.5141i −0.2407 − 0.3070i −0.5092 + 0.2775i Binary 171 = 0.0516 − 0.6796i −0.4030 + 0.3733i 0.0133 + 0.4833i −0.1545 − 0.0070i −0.2076 − 0.7092i 0.5438 + 0.3665i −0.7077 + 0.1036i −0.3582 − 0.1545i −0.5770 + 0.0579i Binary 172 = −0.0090 + 0.0264i −0.4682 − 0.4423i −0.2989 + 0.7036i −0.3354 + 0.5633i −0.2760 − 0.4936i 0.3228 − 0.3822i −0.7453 − 0.1180i −0.3225 + 0.4016i −0.3850 − 0.1309i Binary 173 = 0.6302 + 0.1332i −0.6609 − 0.3841i 0.0126 + 0.0249i 0.4929 + 0.2773i 0.3391 + 0.3679i 0.1691 + 0.6335i 0.0658 − 0.5109i 0.1777 − 0.3657i −0.6049 + 0.4511i Binary 174 = 0.0273 − 0.0054i −0.1489 + 0.6266i 0.7588 − 0.0929i 0.6556 + 0.0088i −0.2895 + 0.4858i −0.4924 − 0.0885i 0.2704 + 0.7044i 0.5091 + 0.0785i 0.0791 + 0.3988i Binary 175 = 0 −0.4113 − 0.9115i 0 0 0 −0.0249 + 0.9997i −0.9988 − 0.0498i 0 0 Binary 176 = 0.8782 + 0.4783i 0 0 0 0.9215 − 0.3884i 0 0 0 −0.5837 − 0.8119i Binary 177 = 0.1853 − 0.6559i −0.5160 − 0.1883i −0.1322 − 0.4651i −0.1500 − 0.0374i 0.5364 − 0.5083i −0.6174 − 0.2210i −0.7142 − 0.0387i −0.0259 − 0.3892i 0.5448 − 0.1985i Binary 178 = 0 0 0.2708 − 0.9626i −0.9888 + 0.1490i 0 0 0 −0.7331 − 0.6802i 0 Binary 179 = 0 0 −0.4113 + 0.9115i 0.6235 − 0.7818i 0 0 0 −0.2225 − 0.9749i 0 Binary 180 = 0.0020 + 0.0278i −0.0857 + 0.6384i −0.5990 + 0.4749i −0.0903 + 0.6494i −0.2397 + 0.5122i 0.4663 − 0.1812i −0.7326 + 0.1807i 0.5144 + 0.0275i −0.2755 − 0.2990i Binary 181 = 0.0231 − 0.0156i 0.5957 − 0.2449i 0.7108 + 0.2813i 0.6075 − 0.2465i 0.5635 − 0.0485i −0.3901 − 0.3132i 0.5228 + 0.5441i −0.2334 − 0.4592i −0.1212 + 0.3881i Binary 182 = −0.3401 − 0.5906i 0.3428 − 0.4292i 0.3190 − 0.3634i −0.1316 + 0.0813i 0.3109 + 0.6704i −0.1494 − 0.6385i −0.5264 + 0.4843i 0.3772 + 0.0994i 0.4623 + 0.3500i Binary 183 = 0.3542 − 0.5379i −0.7448 − 0.1722i −0.0238 + 0.0144i 0.4382 − 0.3575i 0.4324 + 0.2516i −0.6191 + 0.2159i −0.4515 − 0.2479i 0.0620 − 0.4018i −0.4951 − 0.5695i Binary 184 = 0 −0.9010 − 0.4339i 0 0 0 0.6235 + 0.7818i −0.7971 + 0.6038i 0 0 Binary 185 = −0.0275 − 0.0043i 0.3542 − 0.5379i −0.7448 − 0.1722i −0.6130 − 0.2325i 0.4382 − 0.3575i 0.4324 + 0.2516i −0.0132 − 0.7544i −0.4515 − 0.2479i 0.0620 − 0.4018i Binary 186 = 0 0 −0.5837 + 0.8119i 0.9802 + 0.1981i 0 0 0 0.4562 + 0.8899i 0 Binary 187 = −0.5431 − 0.0823i −0.4742 − 0.0946i 0.1176 + 0.6713i 0.4251 − 0.6045i −0.4783 + 0.4486i 0.1514 − 0.0314i −0.1026 − 0.3764i 0.0719 − 0.5754i 0.6603 − 0.2750i Binary 188 = −0.6407 + 0.2324i −0.3631 − 0.4121i −0.3025 − 0.3772i 0.0572 + 0.1437i 0.7142 − 0.1898i −0.6547 + 0.0362i 0.3855 + 0.6025i 0.1634 − 0.3542i 0.4249 − 0.3945i Binary 189 = 0.3103 + 0.6068i −0.3203 − 0.4462i 0.0614 + 0.4796i 0.1354 − 0.0746i 0.7295 − 0.1178i 0.5776 + 0.3105i 0.5499 − 0.4574i 0.1978 − 0.3362i −0.5683 + 0.1151i Binary 190 = −0.0262 + 0.0094i 0.5354 − 0.3581i 0.5746 − 0.5042i −0.6496 + 0.0890i 0.5427 − 0.1592i −0.4567 + 0.2043i −0.3724 − 0.6563i −0.3198 − 0.4038i 0.2901 + 0.2849i Binary 191 = −0.7331 − 0.6802i 0 0 0 0.8262 − 0.5633i 0 0 0 −0.9888 + 0.1490i Binary 192 = 0 0 −0.9988 − 0.0498i 0.8262 − 0.5633i 0 0 0 −0.9888 + 0.1490i 0 Binary 193 = −0.7448 − 0.1722i −0.0238 + 0.0144i −0.0744 − 0.6398i 0.4324 + 0.2516i −0.6191 + 0.2159i 0.1059 − 0.5555i 0.0620 − 0.4018i −0.4951 − 0.5695i −0.5052 + 0.1003i Binary 194 = 0.3190 − 0.3634i −0.6402 − 0.2338i −0.0133 − 0.5491i −0.1494 − 0.6385i −0.0485 + 0.1468i 0.6691 + 0.3137i 0.4623 + 0.3500i −0.0919 + 0.7093i 0.3529 − 0.1664i Binary 195 = 0.4830 + 0.0228i 0.3704 − 0.5721i −0.2263 + 0.5005i 0.4061 − 0.5149i −0.1323 − 0.0800i −0.4668 − 0.5729i 0.0146 + 0.5797i −0.6711 − 0.2475i −0.3901 − 0.0032i Binary 196 = −0.0855 + 0.6762i 0.2502 + 0.4890i −0.3712 − 0.3098i 0.1539 + 0.0147i −0.7389 + 0.0077i −0.6346 + 0.1652i 0.7120 − 0.0682i −0.2457 + 0.3030i 0.3383 − 0.4709i Binary 197 = 0.1161 − 0.7556i 0.0047 + 0.0275i −0.2597 − 0.5894i −0.2186 + 0.4500i −0.0252 + 0.6552i −0.0626 − 0.5621i 0.4054 + 0.0318i −0.7110 + 0.2528i −0.4532 + 0.2448i Binary 198 = −0.2634 − 0.4055i 0.5989 − 0.3253i −0.0141 + 0.5491i −0.6551 − 0.0292i −0.0780 − 0.1335i −0.6526 − 0.3466i 0.4621 − 0.3503i −0.4710 − 0.5383i −0.3607 + 0.1486i Binary 199 = 0 0.9802 − 0.1981i 0 0 0 0.4562 − 0.8899i −0.5837 − 0.8119i 0 0 Binary 200 = 0 0 −0.9010 − 0.4339i −0.0249 + 0.9997i 0 0 0 −0.7971 + 0.6038i 0 Binary 201 = 0 0 −0.1243 − 0.9922i 0.6982 + 0.7159i 0 0 0 −0.3185 − 0.9479i 0 Binary 202 = 0.4826 − 0.2623i 0.1088 + 0.4711i −0.6740 + 0.1009i 0.0261 + 0.7385i 0.6056 + 0.2515i 0.0276 + 0.1522i 0.3090 + 0.2381i −0.5540 + 0.1711i 0.2585 + 0.6669i Binary 203 = 0.4897 + 0.4184i −0.7582 − 0.0972i 0.0128 − 0.0248i 0.3002 + 0.4793i 0.4553 + 0.2073i 0.4156 − 0.5071i 0.3021 − 0.4172i 0.0217 − 0.4060i 0.7194 + 0.2278i Binary 204 = 0.0279 + 0.0001i −0.6256 + 0.1534i −0.7124 + 0.2772i 0.6408 + 0.1385i −0.5644 − 0.0360i 0.4990 − 0.0357i 0.1255 + 0.7441i 0.1624 + 0.4888i −0.1751 − 0.3670i Binary 205 = 0.4456 + 0.4650i 0.5963 + 0.4783i −0.0262 − 0.0096i 0.2510 + 0.5068i −0.2805 − 0.4143i −0.5548 − 0.3494i 0.3422 − 0.3850i −0.2302 + 0.3351i 0.1366 − 0.7421i Binary 206 = 0 0 −0.9691 + 0.2468i 0.6235 + 0.7818i 0 0 0 −0.2225 + 0.9749i 0 Binary 207 = 0.5063 − 0.2130i 0.1528 − 0.4587i 0.1839 + 0.6563i −0.0475 + 0.7375i −0.3856 − 0.5304i 0.1475 − 0.0463i 0.2838 + 0.2677i 0.5620 + 0.1429i 0.6296 − 0.3394i Binary 208 = −0.1243 − 0.9922i 0 0 0 0.9950 + 0.0996i 0 0 0 −0.8533 − 0.5214i Binary 209 = −0.3025 − 0.3772i −0.3414 + 0.5899i −0.5431 − 0.0823i −0.6547 + 0.0362i 0.1362 + 0.0733i 0.4251 − 0.6045i 0.4249 − 0.3945i 0.6826 + 0.2137i −0.1026 − 0.3764i Binary 210 = 0.3637 + 0.6724i 0.0231 − 0.0156i 0.5957 − 0.2449i −0.0975 − 0.4907i 0.6075 − 0.2465i 0.5635 − 0.0485i −0.3423 + 0.2194i 0.5228 + 0.5441i −0.2334 − 0.4592i Binary 211 = 0.1977 − 0.4412i 0.1853 − 0.6559i −0.5160 − 0.1883i −0.3309 − 0.5661i −0.1500 − 0.0374i 0.5364 − 0.5083i 0.5449 + 0.1982i −0.7142 − 0.0387i −0.0259 − 0.3892i Binary 212 = −0.4450 + 0.1890i −0.2164 − 0.6463i 0.5383 + 0.1093i −0.1425 + 0.6401i −0.1450 + 0.0536i −0.4547 + 0.5825i −0.2647 − 0.5159i −0.6119 + 0.3704i 0.0837 + 0.3810i Binary 213 = −0.4737 + 0.0970i 0.4764 − 0.4874i −0.5486 + 0.0270i −0.2665 + 0.5992i −0.1139 − 0.1046i 0.2969 − 0.6767i −0.1572 − 0.5581i −0.6087 − 0.3755i −0.1751 − 0.3486i Binary 214 = −0.0238 + 0.0144i −0.0744 − 0.6398i −0.6813 + 0.3468i −0.6191 + 0.2159i 0.1059 − 0.5555i 0.4930 − 0.0853i −0.4951 − 0.5695i −0.5052 + 0.1003i −0.2108 − 0.3477i Binary 215 = 0 0 −0.9397 − 0.3420i −0.5000 − 0.8660i 0 0 0 −0.5000 − 0.8660i 0 Binary 216 = −0.0827 + 0.4764i 0.3116 − 0.6062i −0.0679 − 0.5451i 0.4604 + 0.4670i −0.1396 − 0.0664i 0.6970 + 0.2455i −0.5770 − 0.0576i −0.6924 − 0.1794i 0.3345 − 0.2007i Binary 217 = 0 0.8782 − 0.4783i 0 0 0 0.9215 + 0.3884i −0.9691 + 0.2468i 0 0 Binary 218 = 0 −0.5837 − 0.8119i 0 0 0 0.8782 + 0.4783i 0.9556 + 0.2948i 0 0 Binary 219 = 0.5957 − 0.2449i 0.7108 + 0.2813i 0.0077 − 0.0268i 0.5635 − 0.0485i −0.3901 − 0.3132i 0.3069 − 0.5794i −0.2334 − 0.4592i −0.1212 + 0.3881i 0.7502 + 0.0807i Binary 220 = 0 0.6982 − 0.7159i 0 0 0 −0.3185 + 0.9479i −0.1243 + 0.9922i 0 0 Binary 221 = 0 0 −0.3185 + 0.9479i −0.1243 + 0.9922i 0 0 0 0.9950 − 0.0996i 0 Binary 222 = 0.4764 − 0.4874i −0.5486 + 0.0270i −0.3005 + 0.3788i −0.1139 − 0.1046i 0.2969 − 0.6767i 0.1810 + 0.6303i −0.6087 − 0.3755i −0.1751 − 0.3486i −0.4792 − 0.3265i Binary 223 = −0.0133 − 0.5491i 0.0108 − 0.4834i −0.6407 + 0.2324i 0.6691 + 0.3137i −0.5248 − 0.3931i 0.0572 + 0.1437i 0.3529 − 0.1664i 0.5791 − 0.0291i 0.3855 + 0.6025i Binary 224 = 0.1088 + 0.4711i −0.6740 + 0.1009i 0.2011 − 0.5112i 0.6056 + 0.2515i 0.0276 + 0.1522i 0.4947 + 0.5489i −0.5540 + 0.1711i 0.2585 + 0.6669i 0.3898 − 0.0162i Binary 225 = −0.5000 − 0.8660i 0 0 0 −0.5000 − 0.8660i 0 0 0 −0.5000 − 0.8660i Binary 226 = 0.1176 + 0.6713i −0.4689 + 0.2861i −0.4240 + 0.2324i 0.1514 − 0.0314i −0.0629 − 0.7363i −0.0780 + 0.6511i 0.6603 − 0.2750i −0.3205 − 0.2224i −0.3147 − 0.4870i Binary 227 = −0.9888 − 0.1490i 0 0 0 −0.7331 + 0.6802i 0 0 0 0.8262 + 0.5633i Binary 228 = −0.0249 − 0.9997i 0 0 0 −0.7971 − 0.6038i 0 0 0 −0.4113 + 0.9115i Binary 229 = −0.5160 − 0.1883i −0.1322 − 0.4651i −0.2797 − 0.6215i 0.5364 − 0.5083i −0.6174 − 0.2210i −0.1390 + 0.0678i −0.0259 − 0.3892i 0.5448 − 0.1985i −0.5720 + 0.4295i Binary 230 = −0.0204 − 0.0190i −0.4304 + 0.4791i 0.6631 − 0.3803i −0.3755 − 0.5374i −0.4866 + 0.2882i −0.4881 + 0.1097i 0.4141 − 0.6308i 0.4095 + 0.3124i 0.2278 + 0.3368i Binary 231 = −0.0104 − 0.6440i 0.7621 + 0.0593i 0.0273 + 0.0056i 0.1607 − 0.5422i −0.4651 − 0.1843i 0.6007 + 0.2628i −0.5127 + 0.0495i −0.0015 + 0.4066i −0.0244 + 0.7542i Binary 232 = 0 0 −0.5000 + 0.8660i −0.9397 + 0.3420i 0 0 0 −0.9397 + 0.3420i 0 Binary 233 = 0.6171 − 0.1844i −0.4598 − 0.6107i −0.0275 − 0.0043i 0.5655 + 0.0078i 0.1696 + 0.4707i −0.6130 − 0.2325i −0.1865 − 0.4801i 0.3058 − 0.2679i −0.0132 − 0.7544i Binary 234 = 0.0022 − 0.0278i −0.3713 − 0.5263i −0.7625 + 0.0549i 0.1860 − 0.6287i −0.1727 − 0.5385i 0.4874 + 0.1129i 0.7513 − 0.0695i −0.3957 + 0.3297i −0.0592 − 0.4023i Binary 235 = 0.0213 + 0.0180i −0.5778 − 0.2846i −0.7239 − 0.2455i 0.4019 + 0.5181i −0.4092 − 0.3904i 0.4052 + 0.2934i −0.3821 + 0.6506i −0.1898 + 0.4788i 0.1017 − 0.3937i Binary 236 = −0.3973 − 0.5538i −0.0687 + 0.5450i 0.3209 + 0.3617i −0.1228 + 0.0940i −0.6149 − 0.4099i 0.6521 − 0.0688i −0.4755 + 0.5343i −0.3737 + 0.1119i −0.4048 + 0.4152i Binary 237 = 0 0 0.8782 − 0.4783i 0.4562 + 0.8899i 0 0 0 −0.9691 + 0.2468i 0 Binary 238 = −0.4991 − 0.4641i 0.4536 + 0.3098i −0.2217 − 0.4297i −0.1018 + 0.1164i −0.6453 + 0.3602i −0.6489 − 0.0942i −0.3602 + 0.6179i −0.0709 + 0.3836i 0.4947 − 0.3025i Binary 239 = −0.2750 + 0.4755i −0.4810 + 0.0494i −0.6606 + 0.1675i −0.4074 − 0.6165i −0.3248 + 0.5696i 0.0426 + 0.1486i −0.3878 − 0.0420i −0.1009 − 0.5710i 0.3236 + 0.6379i Binary 240 = −0.7582 − 0.0972i 0.0128 − 0.0248i 0.6441 + 0.0057i 0.4553 + 0.2073i 0.4156 − 0.5071i 0.5381 + 0.1742i 0.0217 − 0.4060i 0.7194 + 0.2278i −0.0367 − 0.5138i Binary 241 = −0.0140 + 0.0241i 0.1799 − 0.6184i 0.1161 − 0.7556i −0.4404 + 0.4857i 0.3134 − 0.4708i −0.2186 + 0.4500i −0.7071 − 0.2634i −0.5045 − 0.1038i 0.4054 + 0.0318i Binary 242 = −0.3385 − 0.3452i −0.0163 − 0.6813i 0.1492 − 0.5287i −0.6479 + 0.1012i −0.1544 + 0.0084i 0.5469 + 0.4970i 0.3836 − 0.4349i −0.6939 + 0.1736i 0.3862 − 0.0550i Binary 243 = −0.1378 − 0.6292i 0.4005 − 0.6512i −0.0251 − 0.0122i 0.0501 − 0.5633i −0.3762 + 0.3298i −0.5173 − 0.4029i −0.4927 + 0.1501i 0.3612 + 0.1868i 0.2098 − 0.7248i Binary 244 = −0.0359 − 0.7636i 0.0266 + 0.0083i 0.1062 + 0.6353i −0.1251 + 0.4844i 0.5715 + 0.3213i −0.0781 + 0.5601i 0.4036 − 0.0491i −0.0994 + 0.7480i 0.4996 − 0.1254i Binary 245 = −0.5100 − 0.3934i −0.1118 − 0.7562i −0.0270 + 0.0068i −0.3237 − 0.4637i −0.0762 + 0.4945i −0.6552 + 0.0239i −0.2810 + 0.4317i 0.3967 − 0.0891i −0.3052 − 0.6901i Binary 246 = −0.4304 + 0.4791i 0.6631 − 0.3803i −0.0278 − 0.0015i −0.4866 + 0.2882i −0.4881 + 0.1097i −0.6331 − 0.1703i 0.4095 + 0.3124i 0.2278 + 0.3368i −0.0882 − 0.7494i Binary 247 = −0.6360 − 0.1016i 0.1907 − 0.7403i 0.0103 − 0.0259i −0.5061 − 0.2524i −0.2623 + 0.4260i 0.3631 − 0.5459i −0.0403 + 0.5135i 0.4002 + 0.0720i 0.7385 + 0.1550i Binary 248 = −0.3414 + 0.5899i −0.5431 − 0.0823i −0.4742 − 0.0946i 0.1362 + 0.0733i 0.4251 − 0.6045i −0.4783 + 0.4486i 0.6826 + 0.2137i −0.1026 − 0.3764i 0.0719 − 0.5754i Binary 249 = 0.5635 − 0.3833i −0.2743 − 0.4759i 0.1977 − 0.4412i −0.0909 − 0.1251i 0.7376 − 0.0445i −0.3309 − 0.5661i −0.5223 − 0.4887i 0.2303 − 0.3148i 0.5449 + 0.1982i Binary 250 = 0.6977 − 0.3124i 0.0230 + 0.0158i 0.6414 − 0.0584i −0.4966 + 0.0606i 0.4514 + 0.4755i 0.5527 + 0.1197i 0.1932 + 0.3578i −0.3155 + 0.6855i −0.0877 − 0.5076i Binary 251 = 0 0.5425 − 0.8400i 0 0 0 0.6982 + 0.7159i 0.3653 − 0.9309i 0 0 Binary 252 = 0 0 −0.3185 − 0.9479i 0.9556 − 0.2948i 0 0 0 0.0747 + 0.9972i 0 Binary 253 = 0 −0.2225 − 0.9749i 0 0 0 −0.9010 + 0.4339i 0.9802 − 0.1981i 0 0 Binary 254 = −0.3270 + 0.5549i −0.0359 − 0.7636i 0.0266 + 0.0083i −0.4199 + 0.3789i −0.1251 + 0.4844i 0.5715 + 0.3213i 0.4633 + 0.2251i 0.4036 − 0.0491i −0.0994 + 0.7480i Binary 255 = 0.4536 + 0.3098i −0.2217 − 0.4297i −0.6807 − 0.0347i −0.6453 + 0.3602i −0.6489 − 0.0942i −0.0031 + 0.1546i −0.0709 + 0.3836i 0.4947 − 0.3025i 0.1212 + 0.7049i Binary 256 = 0 −0.9691 + 0.2468i 0 0 0 0.9802 + 0.1981i −0.2225 + 0.9749i 0 0 Binary 257 = 0.4362 + 0.2086i 0.2483 + 0.6347i 0.0406 + 0.5478i 0.5742 − 0.3167i 0.1422 − 0.0607i −0.6839 − 0.2799i −0.2117 + 0.5398i 0.5927 − 0.4004i −0.3441 + 0.1837i Binary 258 = 0.2300 + 0.6016i −0.7365 + 0.2049i −0.0276 + 0.0041i 0.0345 + 0.5645i 0.5001 + 0.0141i −0.6543 − 0.0415i 0.4648 − 0.2219i −0.1377 − 0.3826i −0.2350 − 0.7170i Binary 259 = 0 −0.4113 + 0.9115i 0 0 0 −0.0249 − 0.9997i −0.2225 − 0.9749i 0 0 Binary 260 = 0 −0.9988 − 0.0498i 0 0 0 0.2708 − 0.9626i −0.9888 + 0.1490i 0 0 Binary 261 = −0.1297 + 0.4658i −0.5819 + 0.3548i −0.5324 + 0.1351i 0.4116 + 0.5105i 0.0845 + 0.1295i 0.1569 − 0.7221i −0.5684 − 0.1147i 0.4973 + 0.5141i −0.2407 − 0.3070i Binary 262 = 0.3862 + 0.2909i −0.4515 + 0.5105i −0.1745 − 0.5208i 0.6256 − 0.1967i 0.1189 + 0.0988i 0.7318 + 0.1025i −0.3145 + 0.4872i 0.6267 + 0.3447i 0.2881 − 0.2630i Binary 263 = −0.0852 − 0.4759i −0.0855 + 0.6762i 0.2502 + 0.4890i −0.5923 − 0.2813i 0.1539 + 0.0147i −0.7389 + 0.0077i 0.5619 − 0.1433i 0.7120 − 0.0682i −0.2457 + 0.3030i Binary 264 = 0.0108 − 0.4834i −0.6407 + 0.2324i −0.3631 − 0.4121i −0.5248 − 0.3931i 0.0572 + 0.1437i 0.7142 − 0.1898i 0.5791 − 0.0291i 0.3855 + 0.6025i 0.1634 − 0.3542i Binary 265 = −0.2177 + 0.6458i −0.3210 + 0.4457i 0.4362 + 0.2086i 0.1480 + 0.0449i −0.3440 − 0.6540i 0.5742 − 0.3167i 0.7114 + 0.0742i −0.3817 − 0.0804i −0.2117 + 0.5398i Binary 266 = 0.5963 + 0.4783i −0.0262 − 0.0096i 0.6403 + 0.0698i −0.2805 − 0.4143i −0.5548 − 0.3494i 0.5180 + 0.2269i −0.2302 + 0.3351i 0.1366 − 0.7421i 0.0146 − 0.5149i Binary 267 = 0.1528 − 0.4587i 0.1839 + 0.6563i 0.2510 − 0.4886i −0.3856 − 0.5304i 0.1475 − 0.0463i 0.4376 + 0.5955i 0.5620 + 0.1429i 0.6296 − 0.3394i 0.3894 + 0.0227i Binary 268 = 0.7353 + 0.2091i 0.0074 + 0.0269i 0.5289 + 0.3675i −0.4194 − 0.2728i 0.0402 + 0.6544i 0.3465 + 0.4470i −0.0820 + 0.3982i −0.6823 + 0.3223i 0.2591 − 0.4452i Binary 269 = −0.9691 + 0.2468i 0 0 0 0.9802 + 0.1981i 0 0 0 0.4562 + 0.8899i Binary 270 = −0.0270 + 0.0068i −0.6435 + 0.0264i −0.5717 − 0.5075i −0.6552 + 0.0239i −0.5461 − 0.1471i 0.2595 + 0.4278i −0.3052 − 0.6901i 0.0623 + 0.5113i 0.2467 − 0.3232i Binary 271 = −0.5163 + 0.1875i −0.4002 − 0.2713i −0.6137 − 0.2964i 0.0842 − 0.7342i −0.6150 + 0.2276i −0.0629 + 0.1412i −0.2701 − 0.2815i 0.2898 − 0.5023i −0.1621 + 0.6966i Binary 272 = 0.2003 + 0.5115i 0.1552 + 0.4579i 0.5226 − 0.4375i −0.7360 − 0.0659i 0.6276 + 0.1899i −0.1029 − 0.1154i −0.2747 + 0.2770i −0.5343 + 0.2254i −0.5683 − 0.4343i Binary 273 = −0.2613 + 0.4068i 0.3103 + 0.6068i −0.3203 − 0.4462i 0.2429 + 0.6091i 0.1354 − 0.0746i 0.7295 − 0.1178i −0.5093 − 0.2772i 0.5499 − 0.4574i 0.1978 − 0.3362i Binary 274 = −0.4324 + 0.6304i −0.0185 + 0.0208i 0.6324 − 0.1220i 0.3922 − 0.3106i −0.5279 + 0.3888i 0.5619 + 0.0641i −0.3514 − 0.2046i −0.6409 − 0.3982i −0.1378 − 0.4963i Binary 275 = 0.1493 + 0.7497i −0.0138 − 0.0242i 0.4456 + 0.4650i 0.0515 − 0.4976i −0.2004 − 0.6243i 0.2510 + 0.5068i −0.3918 + 0.1087i 0.5816 − 0.4807i 0.3422 − 0.3850i Binary 276 = −0.1536 + 0.7489i 0.0277 + 0.0029i 0.6138 + 0.1953i 0.2407 − 0.4386i 0.6239 + 0.2017i 0.4628 + 0.3250i −0.4033 − 0.0520i 0.0508 + 0.7528i 0.1164 − 0.5018i Binary 277 = −0.7239 − 0.2455i 0.0279 + 0.0001i −0.6256 + 0.1534i 0.4052 + 0.2934i 0.6408 + 0.1385i −0.5644 − 0.0360i 0.1017 − 0.3937i 0.1255 + 0.7441i 0.1624 + 0.4888i Binary 278 = 0.0424 + 0.6427i 0.1493 + 0.7497i −0.0138 − 0.0242i −0.1335 + 0.5496i 0.0515 − 0.4976i −0.2004 − 0.6243i 0.5096 − 0.0750i −0.3918 + 0.1087i 0.5816 − 0.4807i Binary 279 = 0.4119 − 0.2532i −0.2810 + 0.6209i 0.5063 − 0.2130i 0.0455 − 0.6542i 0.1428 + 0.0594i −0.0475 + 0.7375i 0.3386 + 0.4707i 0.7005 + 0.1447i 0.2838 + 0.2677i Binary 280 = 0.0950 + 0.5410i −0.3367 + 0.3470i −0.3984 + 0.5529i −0.7084 − 0.2104i 0.1173 + 0.6452i 0.1282 + 0.0865i −0.3241 + 0.2171i −0.4443 − 0.3726i 0.6579 + 0.2806i Binary 281 = 0 0 −0.5000 − 0.8660i 0.1736 − 0.9848i 0 0 0 0.1736 − 0.9848i 0 Binary 282 = 0.4689 + 0.1181i 0.6781 + 0.0686i 0.0958 − 0.5409i 0.5000 − 0.4242i 0.0108 − 0.1543i 0.5937 + 0.4400i −0.1005 + 0.5711i −0.0859 − 0.7101i 0.3788 − 0.0931i Binary 283 = −0.0783 + 0.7604i −0.0252 + 0.0120i −0.2701 + 0.5847i 0.1959 − 0.4604i −0.6375 + 0.1532i −0.3800 + 0.4188i −0.4064 − 0.0116i −0.4359 − 0.6159i 0.4834 + 0.1778i Binary 284 = 0 0 −0.7971 + 0.6038i 0.2708 − 0.9626i 0 0 0 −0.6617 + 0.7498i 0 Binary 285 = −0.0374 − 0.4821i 0.4255 − 0.5324i 0.4541 − 0.3091i −0.5614 − 0.3389i −0.1237 − 0.0928i 0.0995 + 0.7322i 0.5734 − 0.0866i −0.6431 − 0.3131i 0.3312 + 0.2061i Binary 286 = 0 0.9556 − 0.2948i 0 0 0 0.0747 + 0.9972i 0.8782 − 0.4783i 0 0 Binary 287 = −0.4219 − 0.4867i 0.6220 − 0.4445i 0.0245 − 0.0132i −0.2254 − 0.5187i −0.4748 + 0.1578i 0.6291 − 0.1848i −0.3609 + 0.3675i 0.2602 + 0.3124i 0.4661 + 0.5934i Binary 288 = 0.3209 + 0.3617i −0.6603 − 0.1689i 0.2977 + 0.4617i 0.6521 − 0.0688i −0.0337 + 0.1509i −0.7345 + 0.0812i −0.4048 + 0.4152i −0.0208 + 0.7150i −0.2143 + 0.3259i Binary 289 = 0 −0.7971 + 0.6038i 0 0 0 −0.4113 − 0.9115i −0.6617 + 0.7498i 0 0 Binary 290 = −0.0744 − 0.6398i −0.6813 + 0.3468i −0.0090 + 0.0264i 0.1059 − 0.5555i 0.4930 − 0.0853i −0.3354 + 0.5633i −0.5052 + 0.1003i −0.2108 − 0.3477i −0.7453 − 0.1180i Binary 291 = −0.4685 − 0.2868i 0.3536 − 0.3298i 0.4244 + 0.5333i 0.6265 − 0.3919i −0.0850 − 0.6502i 0.1180 − 0.1000i 0.0517 − 0.3867i 0.4252 + 0.3943i 0.4483 − 0.5573i Binary 292 = −0.5717 − 0.5075i −0.0164 + 0.0226i −0.4760 + 0.4339i 0.2595 + 0.4278i −0.4866 + 0.4394i −0.5129 + 0.2383i 0.2467 − 0.3232i −0.6774 − 0.3324i 0.3764 + 0.3517i Binary 293 = −0.6194 − 0.4480i 0.0022 − 0.0278i −0.3713 − 0.5263i 0.3008 + 0.3998i 0.1860 − 0.6287i −0.1727 − 0.5385i 0.2133 − 0.3462i 0.7513 − 0.0695i −0.3957 + 0.3297i Binary 294 = 0.0958 − 0.5409i 0.4351 − 0.2109i 0.5635 − 0.3833i 0.5937 + 0.4400i 0.1104 − 0.6464i −0.0909 − 0.1251i 0.3788 − 0.0931i 0.2901 + 0.5021i −0.5223 − 0.4887i Binary 295 = −0.0022 + 0.7644i 0.0152 − 0.0234i −0.5466 − 0.3407i 0.1490 − 0.4776i 0.4641 − 0.4632i −0.3683 − 0.4292i −0.4056 + 0.0289i 0.6931 + 0.2983i −0.2366 + 0.4575i Binary 296 = 0 −0.9988 + 0.0498i 0 0 0 0.2708 + 0.9626i −0.0249 − 0.9997i 0 0 Binary 297 = 0.4783 + 0.0708i −0.6144 + 0.2951i 0.5248 + 0.1623i 0.4553 − 0.4719i 0.0712 + 0.1373i −0.5104 + 0.5344i −0.0432 + 0.5782i 0.4436 + 0.5611i 0.0453 + 0.3875i Binary 298 = 0 −0.9691 − 0.2468i 0 0 0 0.9802 − 0.1981i 0.9215 − 0.3884i 0 0 Binary 299 = −0.5324 + 0.1351i 0.2000 + 0.4402i −0.2177 + 0.6458i 0.1569 − 0.7221i 0.6434 + 0.1265i 0.1480 + 0.0449i −0.2407 − 0.3070i −0.5092 + 0.2775i 0.7114 + 0.0742i Binary 300 = 0.9556 + 0.2948i 0 0 0 0.0747 − 0.9972i 0 0 0 0.3653 + 0.9309i Binary 301 = −0.2194 + 0.4308i −0.5812 − 0.3560i 0.4826 − 0.2623i 0.3023 + 0.5819i −0.0767 + 0.1343i 0.0261 + 0.7385i −0.5344 − 0.2251i −0.2307 + 0.6770i 0.3090 + 0.2381i Binary 302 = 0.7108 + 0.2813i 0.0077 − 0.0268i 0.2989 − 0.5705i −0.3901 − 0.3132i 0.3069 − 0.5794i 0.4004 − 0.3993i −0.1212 + 0.3881i 0.7502 + 0.0807i −0.4739 − 0.2017i Binary 303 = −0.5184 − 0.5619i 0.0257 − 0.0107i 0.4897 + 0.4184i 0.2156 + 0.4515i 0.6443 − 0.1213i 0.3002 + 0.4793i 0.2776 − 0.2971i 0.4046 + 0.6369i 0.3021 − 0.4172i Binary 304 = −0.1755 + 0.4505i 0.6815 + 0.0007i 0.2003 + 0.5115i 0.3587 + 0.5489i −0.0046 − 0.1546i −0.7360 − 0.0659i −0.5541 − 0.1707i −0.1562 − 0.6980i −0.2747 + 0.2770i Binary 305 = 0.2000 + 0.4402i −0.2177 + 0.6458i −0.3210 + 0.4457i 0.6434 + 0.1265i 0.1480 + 0.0449i −0.3440 − 0.6540i −0.5092 + 0.2775i 0.7114 + 0.0742i −0.3817 − 0.0804i Binary 306 = −0.3210 + 0.4457i 0.4362 + 0.2086i 0.2483 + 0.6347i −0.3440 − 0.6540i 0.5742 − 0.3167i 0.1422 − 0.0607i −0.3817 − 0.0804i −0.2117 + 0.5398i 0.5927 − 0.4004i Binary 307 = 0.4682 − 0.1205i 0.5982 + 0.3266i 0.3832 + 0.3935i 0.2363 − 0.6117i 0.0699 − 0.1379i −0.7038 + 0.2252i 0.1848 + 0.5496i 0.1966 − 0.6877i −0.1455 + 0.3619i Binary 308 = −0.0679 − 0.5451i 0.2429 + 0.4181i −0.1510 − 0.6646i 0.6970 + 0.2455i 0.6528 + 0.0618i −0.1497 + 0.0389i 0.3345 − 0.2007i −0.4790 + 0.3268i −0.6457 + 0.3076i Binary 309 = −0.4810 + 0.0494i −0.6606 + 0.1675i 0.0950 + 0.5410i −0.3248 + 0.5696i 0.0426 + 0.1486i −0.7084 − 0.2104i −0.1009 − 0.5710i 0.3236 + 0.6379i −0.3241 + 0.2171i Binary 310 = 0 −0.5837 + 0.8119i 0 0 0 0.8782 − 0.4783i 0.4562 + 0.8899i 0 0 Binary 311 = 0.1907 − 0.7403i 0.0103 − 0.0259i −0.5525 + 0.3310i −0.2623 + 0.4260i 0.3631 − 0.5459i −0.5499 + 0.1320i 0.4002 + 0.0720i 0.7385 + 0.1550i 0.2992 + 0.4193i Binary 312 = −0.4460 − 0.1866i −0.5437 + 0.4109i 0.3838 − 0.3929i −0.5577 + 0.3449i 0.0970 + 0.1204i 0.2427 + 0.6980i 0.1845 − 0.5497i 0.5460 + 0.4621i 0.3655 + 0.1364i Binary 313 = −0.3712 − 0.3098i 0.3692 + 0.5729i 0.5060 + 0.2138i −0.6346 + 0.1652i 0.1273 − 0.0877i −0.5611 + 0.4809i 0.3383 − 0.4709i 0.5016 − 0.5099i 0.0065 + 0.3900i Binary 314 = −0.2701 + 0.5847i 0.4288 + 0.6328i −0.0116 + 0.0254i −0.3800 + 0.4188i −0.1459 − 0.4786i −0.3899 + 0.5271i 0.4834 + 0.1778i −0.3188 + 0.2524i −0.7298 − 0.1916i Binary 315 = −0.6959 − 0.3164i −0.0237 − 0.0146i 0.2300 + 0.6016i 0.3740 + 0.3323i −0.4746 − 0.4524i 0.0345 + 0.5645i 0.1404 − 0.3816i 0.2809 − 0.7003i 0.4648 − 0.2219i Binary 316 = −0.0138 − 0.0242i 0.4456 + 0.4650i 0.5963 + 0.4783i −0.2004 − 0.6243i 0.2510 + 0.5068i −0.2805 − 0.4143i 0.5816 − 0.4807i 0.3422 − 0.3850i −0.2302 + 0.3351i Binary 317 = 0.4633 − 0.6080i 0.0150 + 0.0235i −0.3270 + 0.5549i −0.4072 + 0.2907i 0.2313 + 0.6135i −0.4199 + 0.3789i 0.3408 + 0.2218i −0.5569 + 0.5091i 0.4633 + 0.2251i Binary 318 = 0.2406 − 0.4194i −0.5001 + 0.4630i −0.1226 + 0.5354i −0.2729 − 0.5962i 0.1085 + 0.1102i −0.5710 − 0.4691i 0.5225 + 0.2514i 0.5893 + 0.4054i −0.3830 + 0.0741i Binary 319 = −0.3203 − 0.4462i 0.0614 + 0.4796i 0.6277 + 0.2654i 0.7295 − 0.1178i 0.5776 + 0.3105i 0.0558 − 0.1442i 0.1978 − 0.3362i −0.5683 + 0.1151i 0.1272 − 0.7039i Binary 320 = 0.1175 − 0.6333i 0.2949 + 0.7053i −0.0278 + 0.0013i 0.2649 − 0.4996i −0.0482 − 0.4980i −0.6469 − 0.1064i −0.5124 − 0.0531i −0.3625 + 0.1842i −0.1624 − 0.7369i Binary 321 = −0.7642 − 0.0212i 0.0020 + 0.0278i −0.0857 + 0.6384i 0.4737 + 0.1609i −0.0903 + 0.6494i −0.2397 + 0.5122i −0.0188 − 0.4062i −0.7326 + 0.1807i 0.5144 + 0.0275i Binary 322 = 0.5493 + 0.0004i 0.2833 + 0.3918i 0.4754 + 0.4884i −0.3303 + 0.6611i 0.6557 − 0.0035i 0.1074 − 0.1112i 0.1575 + 0.3569i −0.4441 + 0.3729i 0.3906 − 0.5992i Binary 323 = −0.0687 + 0.5450i 0.3209 + 0.3617i −0.6603 − 0.1689i −0.6149 − 0.4099i 0.6521 − 0.0688i −0.0337 + 0.1509i −0.3737 + 0.1119i −0.4048 + 0.4152i −0.0208 + 0.7150i Binary 324 = −0.6813 + 0.3468i −0.0090 + 0.0264i −0.4682 − 0.4423i 0.4930 − 0.0853i −0.3354 + 0.5633i −0.2760 − 0.4936i −0.2108 − 0.3477i −0.7453 − 0.1180i −0.3225 + 0.4016i Binary 325 = 0.0133 + 0.4833i −0.3973 − 0.5538i −0.0687 + 0.5450i 0.5438 + 0.3665i −0.1228 + 0.0940i −0.6149 − 0.4099i −0.5770 + 0.0579i −0.4755 + 0.5343i −0.3737 + 0.1119i Binary 326 = 0.2232 + 0.7311i 0.0244 + 0.0134i −0.5168 + 0.3843i 0.0016 − 0.5003i 0.4965 + 0.4282i −0.5341 + 0.1861i −0.3790 + 0.1472i −0.2456 + 0.7135i 0.3395 + 0.3874i Binary 327 = 0.2011 − 0.5112i 0.3862 + 0.2909i −0.4515 + 0.5105i 0.4947 + 0.5489i 0.6256 − 0.1967i 0.1189 + 0.0988i 0.3898 − 0.0162i −0.3145 + 0.4872i 0.6267 + 0.3447i Binary 328 = 0.0415 − 0.5477i −0.2613 + 0.4068i 0.3103 + 0.6068i 0.6346 + 0.3787i 0.2429 + 0.6091i 0.1354 − 0.0746i 0.3677 − 0.1304i −0.5093 − 0.2772i 0.5499 − 0.4574i Binary 329 = −0.3675 + 0.6703i 0.0049 − 0.0274i 0.0424 + 0.6427i 0.3593 − 0.3481i 0.2477 − 0.6070i −0.1335 + 0.5496i −0.3700 − 0.1686i 0.7545 + 0.0056i 0.5096 − 0.0750i Binary 330 = −0.5828 + 0.2743i −0.0783 + 0.7604i −0.0252 + 0.0120i −0.5603 + 0.0765i 0.1959 − 0.4604i −0.6375 + 0.1532i 0.2560 + 0.4470i −0.4064 − 0.0116i −0.4359 − 0.6159i Binary 331 = −0.5488 + 0.5322i −0.0270 − 0.0070i −0.5828 + 0.2743i 0.4460 − 0.2268i −0.5868 − 0.2924i −0.5603 + 0.0765i −0.3039 − 0.2701i 0.0620 − 0.7520i 0.2560 + 0.4470i Binary 332 = 0 −0.9397 + 0.3420i 0 0 0 −0.9397 + 0.3420i −0.9397 − 0.3420i 0 0 Binary 333 = 0.6410 + 0.4166i 0.0273 − 0.0054i −0.1489 + 0.6266i −0.3203 − 0.3843i 0.6556 + 0.0088i −0.2895 + 0.4858i −0.1957 + 0.3564i 0.2704 + 0.7044i 0.5091 + 0.0785i Binary 334 = −0.5466 − 0.3407i 0.4897 + 0.5870i −0.0034 − 0.0277i −0.3683 − 0.4292i −0.1928 − 0.4617i 0.0578 − 0.6531i −0.2366 + 0.4575i −0.2921 + 0.2829i 0.7227 − 0.2170i Binary 335 = −0.4381 + 0.3313i 0.2406 − 0.4194i −0.5001 + 0.4630i −0.1359 − 0.7264i −0.2729 − 0.5962i 0.1085 + 0.1102i −0.3410 − 0.1894i 0.5225 + 0.2514i 0.5893 + 0.4054i Binary 336 = −0.1753 + 0.5206i −0.1755 + 0.4505i 0.6815 + 0.0007i −0.5215 − 0.5236i 0.3587 + 0.5489i −0.0046 − 0.1546i −0.3885 + 0.0356i −0.5541 − 0.1707i −0.1562 − 0.6980i Binary 337 = 0.1552 + 0.4579i 0.5226 − 0.4375i 0.4822 + 0.2631i 0.6276 + 0.1899i −0.1029 − 0.1154i −0.6062 + 0.4226i −0.5343 + 0.2254i −0.5683 − 0.4343i −0.0324 + 0.3888i Binary 338 = 0.4288 + 0.6328i −0.0116 + 0.0254i 0.1689 + 0.6215i −0.1459 − 0.4786i −0.3899 + 0.5271i −0.0219 + 0.5651i −0.3188 + 0.2524i −0.7298 − 0.1916i 0.4846 − 0.1745i Binary 339 = 0.0406 + 0.5478i 0.4682 − 0.1205i 0.5982 + 0.3266i −0.6839 − 0.2799i 0.2363 − 0.6117i 0.0699 − 0.1379i −0.3441 + 0.1837i 0.1848 + 0.5496i 0.1966 − 0.6877i Binary 340 = −0.3367 + 0.3470i −0.3984 + 0.5529i 0.4205 + 0.3534i 0.1173 + 0.6452i 0.1282 + 0.0865i −0.6779 + 0.2941i −0.4443 − 0.3726i 0.6579 + 0.2806i −0.1087 + 0.3746i Binary 341 = 0 −0.6617 + 0.7498i 0 0 0 −0.9988 − 0.0498i 0.8262 − 0.5633i 0 0 Binary 342 = 0.5250 − 0.1615i −0.3696 + 0.3118i 0.6283 − 0.2641i −0.1207 + 0.7291i 0.0525 + 0.6536i −0.0643 − 0.1406i 0.2557 + 0.2946i −0.4050 − 0.4150i −0.4151 − 0.5825i Binary 343 = 0.7524 + 0.1349i −0.0204 − 0.0190i −0.4304 + 0.4791i −0.4444 − 0.2297i −0.3755 − 0.5374i −0.4866 + 0.2882i −0.0419 + 0.4044i 0.4141 − 0.6308i 0.4095 + 0.3124i Binary 344 = 0.4205 + 0.3534i −0.0349 + 0.4822i 0.0502 + 0.6797i −0.6779 + 0.2941i 0.5046 + 0.4188i 0.1538 − 0.0161i −0.1087 + 0.3746i −0.5799 + 0.0002i 0.6844 − 0.2079i Binary 345 = 1.0000 − 0.0000i 0 0 0 1.0000 + 0.0000i 0 0 0 1.0000 − 0.0000i Binary 346 = 0.2977 + 0.4617i 0.4783 + 0.0708i −0.6144 + 0.2951i −0.7345 + 0.0812i 0.4553 − 0.4719i 0.0712 + 0.1373i −0.2143 + 0.3259i −0.0432 + 0.5782i 0.4436 + 0.5611i Binary 347 = 0.4897 + 0.5870i −0.0034 − 0.0277i −0.6377 + 0.0903i −0.1928 − 0.4617i 0.0578 − 0.6531i −0.5580 − 0.0920i −0.2921 + 0.2829i 0.7227 − 0.2170i 0.1129 + 0.5026i Binary 348 = −0.3297 − 0.6897i −0.0088 − 0.0265i −0.2105 + 0.6087i 0.0729 + 0.4950i −0.0728 − 0.6516i −0.3365 + 0.4546i 0.3528 − 0.2020i 0.6653 − 0.3559i 0.4987 + 0.1288i Binary 349 = 0.8782 − 0.4783i 0 0 0 0.9215 + 0.3884i 0 0 0 −0.5837 + 0.8119i Binary 350 = 0.2502 + 0.4890i −0.3712 − 0.3098i 0.3692 + 0.5729i −0.7389 + 0.0077i −0.6346 + 0.1652i 0.1273 − 0.0877i −0.2457 + 0.3030i 0.3383 − 0.4709i 0.5016 − 0.5099i Binary 351 = 0.5248 + 0.1623i 0.4119 − 0.2532i −0.2810 + 0.6209i −0.5104 + 0.5344i 0.0455 − 0.6542i 0.1428 + 0.0594i 0.0453 + 0.3875i 0.3386 + 0.4707i 0.7005 + 0.1447i Binary 352 = −0.5322 − 0.1360i 0.3553 + 0.3279i 0.6515 − 0.2002i 0.4832 − 0.5591i 0.6420 − 0.1334i −0.0499 − 0.1463i −0.0646 − 0.3847i −0.3614 + 0.4535i −0.3550 − 0.6209i Binary 353 = 0.5629 + 0.3130i −0.4324 + 0.6304i −0.0185 + 0.0208i 0.3892 + 0.4103i 0.3922 − 0.3106i −0.5279 + 0.3888i 0.2135 − 0.4688i −0.3514 − 0.2046i −0.6409 − 0.3982i Binary 354 = 0.4822 + 0.2631i 0.4132 + 0.2510i 0.1191 − 0.6711i −0.6062 + 0.4226i 0.6029 − 0.2580i −0.1530 − 0.0223i −0.0324 + 0.3888i −0.2644 + 0.5161i −0.7145 + 0.0326i Binary 355 = 0 −0.9888 + 0.1490i 0 0 0 −0.7331 − 0.6802i 0.9950 + 0.0996i 0 0 Binary 356 = 0.6324 − 0.1220i 0.0739 + 0.7609i −0.0008 + 0.0279i 0.5619 + 0.0641i 0.1007 − 0.4901i −0.1545 + 0.6372i −0.1378 − 0.4963i −0.4007 + 0.0692i −0.7469 + 0.1069i Binary 357 = 0 0 0.4562 − 0.8899i −0.5837 − 0.8119i 0 0 0 0.8782 + 0.4783i 0 Binary 358 = 0 0 0.0747 − 0.9972i −0.3185 + 0.9479i 0 0 0 0.5425 + 0.8400i 0 Binary 359 = −0.2263 + 0.5005i 0.3846 − 0.2930i −0.0840 − 0.6763i −0.4668 − 0.5729i −0.0199 − 0.6554i −0.1528 + 0.0238i −0.3901 − 0.0032i 0.3838 + 0.4346i −0.6731 + 0.2418i Binary 360 = −0.0857 + 0.6384i −0.5990 + 0.4749i 0.0194 + 0.0200i −0.2397 + 0.5122i 0.4663 − 0.1812i 0.3483 + 0.5555i 0.5144 + 0.0275i −0.2755 − 0.2990i −0.4450 + 0.6094i Binary 361 = 0.4211 − 0.3528i 0.4689 + 0.1181i 0.6781 + 0.0686i 0.1719 + 0.7187i 0.5000 − 0.4242i 0.0108 − 0.1543i 0.3501 + 0.1721i −0.1005 + 0.5711i −0.0859 − 0.7101i Binary 362 = −0.3806 + 0.5196i −0.3675 + 0.6703i 0.0049 − 0.0274i −0.4555 + 0.3352i 0.3593 − 0.3481i 0.2477 − 0.6070i 0.4386 + 0.2701i −0.3700 − 0.1686i 0.7545 + 0.0056i Binary 363 = −0.0349 + 0.4822i 0.0502 + 0.6797i 0.5493 + 0.0004i 0.5046 + 0.4188i 0.1538 − 0.0161i −0.3303 + 0.6611i −0.5799 + 0.0002i 0.6844 − 0.2079i 0.1575 + 0.3569i Binary 364 = 0 0 0.6982 − 0.7159i −0.8533 + 0.5214i 0 0 0 −0.1243 + 0.9922i 0 Binary 365 = 0.2483 + 0.6347i 0.0406 + 0.5478i 0.4682 − 0.1205i 0.1422 − 0.0607i −0.6839 − 0.2799i 0.2363 − 0.6117i 0.5927 − 0.4004i −0.3441 + 0.1837i 0.1848 + 0.5496i Binary 366 = 0.6441 + 0.0057i −0.6433 + 0.4129i −0.0061 − 0.0272i 0.5381 + 0.1742i 0.4820 − 0.1339i −0.0075 − 0.6556i −0.0367 − 0.5138i −0.2443 − 0.3250i 0.6975 − 0.2879i Binary 367 = −0.1997 − 0.6123i −0.0022 + 0.7644i 0.0152 − 0.0234i −0.0063 − 0.5655i 0.1490 − 0.4776i 0.4641 − 0.4632i −0.4753 + 0.1984i −0.4056 + 0.0289i 0.6931 + 0.2983i Binary 368 = 0 −0.9888 − 0.1490i 0 0 0 −0.7331 + 0.6802i 0.2708 + 0.9626i 0 0 Binary 369 = −0.7625 + 0.0549i −0.0162 − 0.0227i −0.6227 − 0.1645i 0.4874 + 0.1129i −0.2616 − 0.6012i −0.4784 − 0.3015i −0.0592 − 0.4023i 0.5309 − 0.5362i −0.0912 + 0.5070i Binary 370 = −0.6227 − 0.1645i −0.5488 + 0.5322i −0.0270 − 0.0070i −0.4784 − 0.3015i 0.4460 − 0.2268i −0.5868 − 0.2924i −0.0912 + 0.5070i −0.3039 − 0.2701i 0.0620 − 0.7520i Binary 371 = 0 0.9950 − 0.0996i 0 0 0 −0.8533 + 0.5214i −0.7331 + 0.6802i 0 0 Binary 372 = 0 −0.9397 − 0.3420i 0 0 0 −0.9397 − 0.3420i −0.5000 − 0.8660i 0 0 Binary 373 = −0.6430 − 0.0378i 0.2232 + 0.7311i 0.0244 + 0.0134i −0.5287 − 0.2008i 0.0016 − 0.5003i 0.4965 + 0.4282i 0.0111 + 0.5150i −0.3790 + 0.1472i −0.2456 + 0.7135i Binary 374 = 0 0 1.0000 − 0.0000i 0.7660 + 0.6428i 0 0 0 0.7660 + 0.6428i 0 Binary 375 = 0 0 0.7660 − 0.6428i 1.0000 + 0.0000i 0 0 0 1.0000 − 0.0000i 0 Binary 376 = −0.7124 + 0.2772i 0.0214 − 0.0178i −0.3806 + 0.5196i 0.4990 − 0.0357i 0.5800 − 0.3058i −0.4555 + 0.3352i −0.1751 − 0.3670i 0.5744 + 0.4893i 0.4386 + 0.2701i Binary 377 = 0 −0.5000 + 0.8660i 0 0 0 −0.5000 + 0.8660i −0.9397 + 0.3420i 0 0 Binary 378 = 0.3832 + 0.3935i 0.2812 − 0.3933i 0.6682 − 0.1343i −0.7038 + 0.2252i −0.2122 − 0.6205i −0.0351 − 0.1506i −0.1455 + 0.3619i 0.4949 + 0.3022i −0.2914 − 0.6532i Binary 379 = 0.5216 − 0.5589i −0.0006 − 0.0279i 0.5913 + 0.2554i −0.4341 + 0.2487i 0.1225 − 0.6441i 0.4282 + 0.3695i 0.3170 + 0.2546i 0.7407 − 0.1440i 0.1657 − 0.4877i Binary 380 = −0.8533 + 0.5214i 0 0 0 −0.1243 + 0.9922i 0 0 0 0.9950 − 0.0996i Binary 381 = −0.0270 − 0.0070i −0.5828 + 0.2743i −0.0783 + 0.7604i −0.5868 − 0.2924i −0.5603 + 0.0765i 0.1959 − 0.4604i 0.0620 − 0.7520i 0.2560 + 0.4470i −0.4064 − 0.0116i Binary 382 = 0.3421 + 0.4297i −0.4450 + 0.1890i −0.2164 − 0.6463i −0.7228 + 0.1540i −0.1425 + 0.6401i −0.1450 + 0.0536i −0.1808 + 0.3457i −0.2647 − 0.5159i −0.6119 + 0.3704i Binary 383 = 0 0.8262 − 0.5633i 0 0 0 −0.9888 + 0.1490i −0.1243 − 0.9922i 0 0 Binary 384 = −0.0278 + 0.0013i −0.3171 − 0.5606i 0.6793 + 0.3507i −0.6469 − 0.1064i −0.1182 − 0.5530i −0.3570 − 0.3505i −0.1624 − 0.7369i −0.4266 + 0.2887i −0.1593 + 0.3741i Binary 385 = −0.4689 + 0.2861i −0.4240 + 0.2324i 0.5216 + 0.4386i −0.0629 − 0.7363i −0.0780 + 0.6511i 0.0958 − 0.1214i −0.3205 − 0.2224i −0.3147 − 0.4870i 0.3290 − 0.6351i Binary 386 = 0.9802 − 0.1981i 0 0 0 0.4562 − 0.8899i 0 0 0 −0.9691 − 0.2468i Binary 387 = 0 −0.8533 − 0.5214i 0 0 0 −0.1243 − 0.9922i 0.6982 + 0.7159i 0 0 Binary 388 = 0.2949 + 0.7053i −0.0278 + 0.0013i −0.3171 − 0.5606i −0.0482 − 0.4980i −0.6469 − 0.1064i −0.1182 − 0.5530i −0.3625 + 0.1842i −0.1624 − 0.7369i −0.4266 + 0.2887i Binary 389 = −0.4742 − 0.0946i 0.1176 + 0.6713i −0.4689 + 0.2861i −0.4783 + 0.4486i 0.1514 − 0.0314i −0.0629 − 0.7363i 0.0719 − 0.5754i 0.6603 − 0.2750i −0.3205 − 0.2224i Binary 390 = −0.0252 + 0.0120i −0.2701 + 0.5847i 0.4288 + 0.6328i −0.6375 + 0.1532i −0.3800 + 0.4188i −0.1459 − 0.4786i −0.4359 − 0.6159i 0.4834 + 0.1778i −0.3188 + 0.2524i Binary 391 = 0.4005 − 0.6512i −0.0251 − 0.0122i −0.5100 − 0.3934i −0.3762 + 0.3298i −0.5173 − 0.4029i −0.3237 − 0.4637i 0.3612 + 0.1868i 0.2098 − 0.7248i −0.2810 + 0.4317i Binary 392 = 0.2406 − 0.5975i −0.4930 + 0.5842i 0.0267 − 0.0081i 0.3587 − 0.4372i 0.4212 − 0.2700i 0.6532 − 0.0565i −0.4917 − 0.1535i −0.3293 − 0.2385i 0.3392 + 0.6740i Binary 393 = −0.3713 − 0.5263i −0.7625 + 0.0549i −0.0162 − 0.0227i −0.1727 − 0.5385i 0.4874 + 0.1129i −0.2616 − 0.6012i −0.3957 + 0.3297i −0.0592 − 0.4023i 0.5309 − 0.5362i Binary 394 = −0.9988 − 0.0498i 0 0 0 0.2708 − 0.9626i 0 0 0 −0.6617 + 0.7498i Binary 395 = −0.4930 + 0.5842i 0.0267 − 0.0081i −0.1997 − 0.6123i 0.4212 − 0.2700i 0.6532 − 0.0565i −0.0063 − 0.5655i −0.3293 − 0.2385i 0.3392 + 0.6740i −0.4753 + 0.1984i Binary 396 = 0 0 0.3653 − 0.9309i 0.9215 + 0.3884i 0 0 0 −0.5837 + 0.8119i 0 Binary 397 = 0.3653 − 0.9309i 0 0 0 0.9556 − 0.2948i 0 0 0 0.0747 + 0.9972i Binary 398 = 0.5216 + 0.4386i −0.1753 + 0.5206i −0.1755 + 0.4505i 0.0958 − 0.1214i −0.5215 − 0.5236i 0.3587 + 0.5489i 0.3290 − 0.6351i −0.3885 + 0.0356i −0.5541 − 0.1707i Binary 399 = 0 −0.3185 − 0.9479i 0 0 0 0.5425 − 0.8400i 0.0747 + 0.9972i 0 0 Binary 400 = −0.2217 − 0.4297i −0.6807 − 0.0347i 0.5466 − 0.0543i −0.6489 − 0.0942i −0.0031 + 0.1546i −0.2628 + 0.6907i 0.4947 − 0.3025i 0.1212 + 0.7049i 0.1923 + 0.3394i Binary 401 = −0.9010 − 0.4339i 0 0 0 0.6235 + 0.7818i 0 0 0 −0.2225 + 0.9749i Binary 402 = 0 −0.9010 + 0.4339i 0 0 0 0.6235 − 0.7818i 0.4562 − 0.8899i 0 0 Binary 403 = 0 −0.8533 + 0.5214i 0 0 0 −0.1243 + 0.9922i 0.8262 + 0.5633i 0 0 Binary 404 = 0.3536 − 0.3298i 0.4244 + 0.5333i −0.5432 + 0.0814i −0.0850 − 0.6502i 0.1180 − 0.1000i 0.2280 − 0.7029i 0.4252 + 0.3943i 0.4483 − 0.5573i −0.2089 − 0.3294i Binary 405 = −0.6433 + 0.4129i −0.0061 − 0.0272i 0.4970 − 0.4096i 0.4820 − 0.1339i −0.0075 − 0.6556i 0.5241 − 0.2124i −0.2443 − 0.3250i 0.6975 − 0.2879i −0.3584 − 0.3700i Binary 406 = 0 −0.0249 − 0.9997i 0 0 0 −0.7971 − 0.6038i −0.9010 + 0.4339i 0 0 Binary 407 = 0.0589 − 0.4799i 0.6679 + 0.1357i −0.3638 + 0.4116i −0.4831 − 0.4434i 0.0261 − 0.1524i −0.2771 − 0.6850i 0.5791 + 0.0287i −0.0148 − 0.7151i −0.3718 − 0.1181i Binary 408 = −0.4760 + 0.4339i −0.7642 − 0.0212i 0.0020 + 0.0278i −0.5129 + 0.2383i 0.4737 + 0.1609i −0.0903 + 0.6494i 0.3764 + 0.3517i −0.0188 − 0.4062i −0.7326 + 0.1807i Binary 409 = −0.4030 + 0.3733i 0.0133 + 0.4833i −0.3973 − 0.5538i −0.2076 − 0.7092i 0.5438 + 0.3665i −0.1228 + 0.0940i −0.3582 − 0.1545i −0.5770 + 0.0579i −0.4755 + 0.5343i Binary 410 = 0.7588 − 0.0929i 0.0175 − 0.0217i 0.2887 + 0.5757i −0.4924 − 0.0885i 0.5079 − 0.4146i 0.0905 + 0.5583i 0.0791 + 0.3988i 0.6600 + 0.3658i 0.4404 − 0.2671i Binary 411 = −0.5778 − 0.2846i −0.7239 − 0.2455i 0.0279 + 0.0001i −0.4092 − 0.3904i 0.4052 + 0.2934i 0.6408 + 0.1385i −0.1898 + 0.4788i 0.1017 − 0.3937i 0.1255 + 0.7441i Binary 412 = −0.6435 + 0.0264i −0.5717 − 0.5075i −0.0164 + 0.0226i −0.5461 − 0.1471i 0.2595 + 0.4278i −0.4866 + 0.4394i 0.0623 + 0.5113i 0.2467 − 0.3232i −0.6774 − 0.3324i Binary 413 = −0.4515 + 0.5105i −0.1745 − 0.5208i 0.4828 − 0.0254i 0.1189 + 0.0988i 0.7318 + 0.1025i 0.3528 − 0.5527i 0.6267 + 0.3447i 0.2881 − 0.2630i 0.0723 + 0.5753i Binary 414 = −0.6033 − 0.2256i 0.7458 − 0.1680i −0.0036 + 0.0276i −0.4460 − 0.3477i −0.4988 − 0.0390i −0.2172 + 0.6186i −0.1412 + 0.4954i 0.1185 + 0.3890i −0.7539 + 0.0320i Binary 415 = 0 0 0.9556 − 0.2948i −0.5837 + 0.8119i 0 0 0 0.8782 − 0.4783i 0 Binary 416 = 0 0 0.9950 − 0.0996i −0.9888 − 0.1490i 0 0 0 −0.7331 + 0.6802i 0 Binary 417 = 0.4244 + 0.5333i −0.5432 + 0.0814i 0.0589 − 0.4799i 0.1180 − 0.1000i 0.2280 − 0.7029i −0.4831 − 0.4434i 0.4483 − 0.5573i −0.2089 − 0.3294i 0.5791 + 0.0287i Binary 418 = 0.0273 + 0.0056i −0.4219 − 0.4867i 0.6220 − 0.4445i 0.6007 + 0.2628i −0.2254 − 0.5187i −0.4748 + 0.1578i −0.0244 + 0.7542i −0.3609 + 0.3675i 0.2602 + 0.3124i Binary 419 = 0 0 0.9802 − 0.1981i 0.9215 − 0.3884i 0 0 0 −0.5837 − 0.8119i 0 Binary 420 = −0.2274 + 0.7298i −0.0222 − 0.0169i 0.1175 − 0.6333i 0.2832 − 0.4124i −0.4272 − 0.4974i 0.2649 − 0.4996i −0.3961 − 0.0919i 0.3492 − 0.6689i −0.5124 − 0.0531i Binary 421 = 0.4779 − 0.0733i −0.3401 − 0.5906i 0.3428 − 0.4292i 0.2960 − 0.5851i −0.1316 + 0.0813i 0.3109 + 0.6704i 0.1292 + 0.5653i −0.5264 + 0.4843i 0.3772 + 0.0994i Binary 422 = 0.5226 − 0.4375i 0.4822 + 0.2631i 0.4132 + 0.2510i −0.1029 − 0.1154i −0.6062 + 0.4226i 0.6029 − 0.2580i −0.5683 − 0.4343i −0.0324 + 0.3888i −0.2644 + 0.5161i Binary 423 = 0 −0.5000 − 0.8660i 0 0 0 −0.5000 − 0.8660i 0.1736 − 0.9848i 0 0 Binary 424 = −0.4024 − 0.3739i 0.4548 + 0.1642i −0.5428 − 0.4121i 0.6917 − 0.2600i 0.5398 − 0.3723i −0.0897 + 0.1260i 0.1273 − 0.3687i −0.1569 + 0.5582i −0.2969 + 0.6507i Binary 425 = −0.0205 + 0.0189i −0.6033 − 0.2256i 0.7458 − 0.1680i −0.5640 + 0.3343i −0.4460 − 0.3477i −0.4988 − 0.0390i −0.5981 − 0.4601i −0.1412 + 0.4954i 0.1185 + 0.3890i Binary 426 = 0.4970 − 0.4096i −0.2274 + 0.7298i −0.0222 − 0.0169i 0.5241 − 0.2124i 0.2832 − 0.4124i −0.4272 − 0.4974i −0.3584 − 0.3700i −0.3961 − 0.0919i 0.3492 − 0.6689i Binary 427 = 0.2635 − 0.7176i −0.0223 + 0.0167i 0.3971 + 0.5071i −0.3034 + 0.3978i −0.5945 + 0.2765i 0.1993 + 0.5293i 0.3910 + 0.1115i −0.5493 − 0.5173i 0.3788 − 0.3490i Binary 428 = 0.6515 − 0.2002i −0.4951 + 0.2379i 0.4830 + 0.0228i −0.0499 − 0.1463i 0.0107 − 0.7389i 0.4061 − 0.5149i −0.3550 − 0.6209i −0.2968 − 0.2532i 0.0146 + 0.5797i Binary 429 = −0.0034 − 0.0277i −0.6377 + 0.0903i 0.7524 + 0.1349i 0.0578 − 0.6531i −0.5580 − 0.0920i −0.4444 − 0.2297i 0.7227 − 0.2170i 0.1129 + 0.5026i −0.0419 + 0.4044i Binary 430 = 0.0267 − 0.0081i −0.1997 − 0.6123i −0.0022 + 0.7644i 0.6532 − 0.0565i −0.0063 − 0.5655i 0.1490 − 0.4776i 0.3392 + 0.6740i −0.4753 + 0.1984i −0.4056 + 0.0289i Binary 431 = −0.5428 − 0.4121i −0.5486 − 0.0278i 0.4539 − 0.1666i −0.0897 + 0.1260i 0.3628 − 0.6438i 0.1742 − 0.6322i −0.2969 + 0.6507i −0.1395 − 0.3643i 0.2386 + 0.5285i Binary 432 = −0.1865 − 0.7413i 0.0195 − 0.0199i 0.0538 − 0.6418i −0.0266 + 0.4996i 0.5466 − 0.3620i 0.2139 − 0.5235i 0.3859 − 0.1281i 0.6203 + 0.4297i −0.5151 − 0.0018i Binary 433 = −0.9691 − 0.2468i 0 0 0 0.9802 − 0.1981i 0 0 0 0.4562 − 0.8899i Binary 434 = 0.1736 − 0.9848i 0 0 0 0.1736 − 0.9848i 0 0 0 0.1736 − 0.9848i Binary 435 = −0.4598 − 0.6107i −0.0275 − 0.0043i 0.3542 − 0.5379i 0.1696 + 0.4707i −0.6130 − 0.2325i 0.4382 − 0.3575i 0.3058 − 0.2679i −0.0132 − 0.7544i −0.4515 − 0.2479i Binary 436 = −0.4002 − 0.2713i −0.6137 − 0.2964i −0.2750 + 0.4755i −0.6150 + 0.2276i −0.0629 + 0.1412i −0.4074 − 0.6165i 0.2898 − 0.5023i −0.1621 + 0.6966i −0.3878 − 0.0420i Binary 437 = 0.6793 + 0.3507i −0.0205 + 0.0189i −0.6033 − 0.2256i −0.3570 − 0.3505i −0.5640 + 0.3343i −0.4460 − 0.3477i −0.1593 + 0.3741i −0.5981 − 0.4601i −0.1412 + 0.4954i Binary 438 = −0.3638 + 0.4116i −0.2634 − 0.4055i 0.5989 − 0.3253i −0.2771 − 0.6850i −0.6551 − 0.0292i −0.0780 − 0.1335i −0.3718 − 0.1181i 0.4621 − 0.3503i −0.4710 − 0.5383i Binary 439 = 0.9950 − 0.0996i 0 0 0 −0.8533 + 0.5214i 0 0 0 −0.1243 + 0.9922i Binary 440 = 0 −0.7331 − 0.6802i 0 0 0 0.8262 − 0.5633i −0.8533 − 0.5214i 0 0 Binary 441 = −0.0222 − 0.0169i 0.1175 − 0.6333i 0.2949 + 0.7053i −0.4272 − 0.4974i 0.2649 − 0.4996i −0.0482 − 0.4980i 0.3492 − 0.6689i −0.5124 − 0.0531i −0.3625 + 0.1842i Binary 442 = −0.9888 + 0.1490i 0 0 0 −0.7331 − 0.6802i 0 0 0 0.8262 − 0.5633i Binary 443 = −0.3185 − 0.9479i 0 0 0 0.5425 − 0.8400i 0 0 0 0.6982 + 0.7159i Binary 444 = −0.4624 − 0.1413i 0.2497 − 0.6342i 0.3421 + 0.4297i −0.5206 + 0.3987i −0.1456 − 0.0522i −0.7228 + 0.1540i 0.1289 − 0.5654i −0.7068 − 0.1096i −0.1808 + 0.3457i Binary 445 = 0.5684 − 0.3030i −0.7532 + 0.1306i 0.0256 + 0.0109i 0.5558 − 0.1044i 0.4962 + 0.0638i 0.5367 + 0.3766i −0.2780 − 0.4337i −0.0989 − 0.3944i −0.1734 + 0.7344i Binary 446 = 0.5465 + 0.0551i −0.0374 − 0.4821i 0.4255 − 0.5324i −0.3944 + 0.6249i −0.5614 − 0.3389i −0.1237 − 0.0928i 0.1212 + 0.3708i 0.5734 − 0.0866i −0.6431 − 0.3131i Binary 447 = 0.1689 + 0.6215i 0.7353 + 0.2091i 0.0074 + 0.0269i −0.0219 + 0.5651i −0.4194 − 0.2728i 0.0402 + 0.6544i 0.4846 − 0.1745i −0.0820 + 0.3982i −0.6823 + 0.3223i Binary 448 = −0.6807 + 0.0333i −0.4381 + 0.3313i 0.2406 − 0.4194i 0.0123 + 0.1541i −0.1359 − 0.7264i −0.2729 − 0.5962i 0.1908 + 0.6893i −0.3410 − 0.1894i 0.5225 + 0.2514i Binary 449 = 0.0152 − 0.0234i −0.5466 − 0.3407i 0.4897 + 0.5870i 0.4641 − 0.4632i −0.3683 − 0.4292i −0.1928 − 0.4617i 0.6931 + 0.2983i −0.2366 + 0.4575i −0.2921 + 0.2829i Binary 450 = −0.2797 − 0.6215i −0.5163 + 0.1875i −0.4002 − 0.2713i −0.1390 + 0.0678i 0.0842 − 0.7342i −0.6150 + 0.2276i −0.5720 + 0.4295i −0.2701 − 0.2815i 0.2898 − 0.5023i Binary 451 = −0.1118 − 0.7562i −0.0270 + 0.0068i −0.6435 + 0.0264i −0.0762 + 0.4945i −0.6552 + 0.0239i −0.5461 − 0.1471i 0.3967 − 0.0891i −0.3052 − 0.6901i 0.0623 + 0.5113i Binary 452 = 0.4132 + 0.2510i 0.1191 − 0.6711i 0.5385 − 0.1084i 0.6029 − 0.2580i −0.1530 − 0.0223i −0.1927 + 0.7134i −0.2644 + 0.5161i −0.7145 + 0.0326i 0.2251 + 0.3186i Binary 453 = −0.2989 + 0.7036i 0.0101 + 0.0260i −0.6430 − 0.0378i 0.3228 − 0.3822i 0.1052 + 0.6472i −0.5287 − 0.2008i −0.3850 − 0.1309i −0.6468 + 0.3886i 0.0111 + 0.5150i Binary 454 = 0.5385 − 0.1084i 0.4779 − 0.0733i −0.3401 − 0.5906i −0.1927 + 0.7134i 0.2960 − 0.5851i −0.1316 + 0.0813i 0.2251 + 0.3186i 0.1292 + 0.5653i −0.5264 + 0.4843i Binary 455 = 0.5982 + 0.3266i 0.3832 + 0.3935i 0.2812 − 0.3933i 0.0699 − 0.1379i −0.7038 + 0.2252i −0.2122 − 0.6205i 0.1966 − 0.6877i −0.1455 + 0.3619i 0.4949 + 0.3022i Binary 456 = −0.5990 + 0.4749i 0.0194 + 0.0200i 0.3446 + 0.5441i 0.4663 − 0.1812i 0.3483 + 0.5555i 0.1456 + 0.5465i −0.2755 − 0.2990i −0.4450 + 0.6094i 0.4117 − 0.3096i Binary 457 = −0.6256 + 0.1534i −0.7124 + 0.2772i 0.0214 − 0.0178i −0.5644 − 0.0360i 0.4990 − 0.0357i 0.5800 − 0.3058i 0.1624 + 0.4888i −0.1751 − 0.3670i 0.5744 + 0.4893i Binary 458 = 0 0 −0.0249 − 0.9997i −0.2225 − 0.9749i 0 0 0 −0.9010 + 0.4339i 0 Binary 459 = 0.9215 − 0.3884i 0 0 0 −0.5837 − 0.8119i 0 0 0 0.8782 + 0.4783i Binary 460 = 0 0 0.9215 − 0.3884i 0.0747 − 0.9972i 0 0 0 0.3653 + 0.9309i 0 Binary 461 = −0.4682 − 0.4423i −0.2989 + 0.7036i 0.0101 + 0.0260i −0.2760 − 0.4936i 0.3228 − 0.3822i 0.1052 + 0.6472i −0.3225 + 0.4016i −0.3850 − 0.1309i −0.6468 + 0.3886i Binary 462 = 0.3446 + 0.5441i −0.1536 + 0.7489i 0.0277 + 0.0029i 0.1456 + 0.5465i 0.2407 − 0.4386i 0.6239 + 0.2017i 0.4117 − 0.3096i −0.4033 − 0.0520i 0.0508 + 0.7528i Binary 463 = −0.4951 + 0.2379i 0.4830 + 0.0228i 0.3704 − 0.5721i 0.0107 − 0.7389i 0.4061 − 0.5149i −0.1323 − 0.0800i −0.2968 − 0.2532i 0.0146 + 0.5797i −0.6711 − 0.2475i Binary 464 = −0.4240 + 0.2324i 0.5216 + 0.4386i −0.1753 + 0.5206i −0.0780 + 0.6511i 0.0958 − 0.1214i −0.5215 − 0.5236i −0.3147 − 0.4870i 0.3290 − 0.6351i −0.3885 + 0.0356i Binary 465 = −0.8533 − 0.5214i 0 0 0 −0.1243 − 0.9922i 0 0 0 0.9950 + 0.0996i Binary 466 = 0.7643 − 0.0169i −0.0262 + 0.0094i 0.5354 − 0.3581i −0.4812 − 0.1371i −0.6496 + 0.0890i 0.5427 − 0.1592i 0.0390 + 0.4047i −0.3724 − 0.6563i −0.3198 − 0.4038i Binary 467 = 0.2812 − 0.3933i 0.6682 − 0.1343i 0.5465 + 0.0551i −0.2122 − 0.6205i −0.0351 − 0.1506i −0.3944 + 0.6249i 0.4949 + 0.3022i −0.2914 − 0.6532i 0.1212 + 0.3708i Binary 468 = 0.5383 + 0.1093i −0.2194 + 0.4308i −0.5812 − 0.3560i −0.4547 + 0.5825i 0.3023 + 0.5819i −0.0767 + 0.1343i 0.0837 + 0.3810i −0.5344 − 0.2251i −0.2307 + 0.6770i Binary 469 = 0 0 −0.4113 − 0.9115i −0.6617 + 0.7498i 0 0 0 −0.9988 − 0.0498i 0 Binary 470 = 0.5457 + 0.5353i 0.0173 + 0.0219i −0.0104 − 0.6440i −0.2378 − 0.4402i 0.2912 + 0.5874i 0.1607 − 0.5422i −0.2625 + 0.3105i −0.5035 + 0.5620i −0.5127 + 0.0495i Binary 471 = −0.6377 + 0.0903i 0.7524 + 0.1349i −0.0204 − 0.0190i −0.5580 − 0.0920i −0.4444 − 0.2297i −0.3755 − 0.5374i 0.1129 + 0.5026i −0.0419 + 0.4044i 0.4141 − 0.6308i Binary 472 = 0 −0.6617 − 0.7498i 0 0 0 −0.9988 + 0.0498i −0.4113 + 0.9115i 0 0 Binary 473 = −0.0008 + 0.0279i 0.4060 − 0.5000i 0.5457 + 0.5353i −0.1545 + 0.6372i 0.4716 − 0.3121i −0.2378 − 0.4402i −0.7469 + 0.1069i −0.4246 − 0.2916i −0.2625 + 0.3105i Binary 474 = 0 −0.7971 − 0.6038i 0 0 0 −0.4113 + 0.9115i 0.6235 − 0.7818i 0 0 Binary 475 = 0.6631 − 0.3803i −0.0278 − 0.0015i −0.0218 + 0.6437i −0.4881 + 0.1097i −0.6331 − 0.1703i −0.1875 + 0.5335i 0.2278 + 0.3368i −0.0882 − 0.7494i 0.5145 − 0.0239i Binary 476 = −0.5168 + 0.3843i 0.6410 + 0.4166i 0.0273 − 0.0054i −0.5341 + 0.1861i −0.3203 − 0.3843i 0.6556 + 0.0088i 0.3395 + 0.3874i −0.1957 + 0.3564i 0.2704 + 0.7044i Binary 477 = 0.1062 + 0.6353i −0.5184 − 0.5619i 0.0257 − 0.0107i −0.0781 + 0.5601i 0.2156 + 0.4515i 0.6443 − 0.1213i 0.4996 − 0.1254i 0.2776 − 0.2971i 0.4046 + 0.6369i Binary 478 = 0.1484 + 0.5289i 0.1063 − 0.4717i −0.4991 − 0.4641i −0.7258 − 0.1389i −0.4365 − 0.4893i −0.1018 + 0.1164i −0.3009 + 0.2483i 0.5734 + 0.0862i −0.3602 + 0.6179i Binary 479 = −0.1226 + 0.5354i −0.0852 − 0.4759i −0.0855 + 0.6762i −0.5710 − 0.4691i −0.5923 − 0.2813i 0.1539 + 0.0147i −0.3830 + 0.0741i 0.5619 − 0.1433i 0.7120 − 0.0682i Binary 480 = −0.9010 + 0.4339i 0 0 0 0.6235 − 0.7818i 0 0 0 −0.2225 − 0.9749i Binary 481 = 0.0173 + 0.0219i −0.0104 − 0.6440i 0.7621 + 0.0593i 0.2912 + 0.5874i 0.1607 − 0.5422i −0.4651 − 0.1843i −0.5035 + 0.5620i −0.5127 + 0.0495i −0.0015 + 0.4066i Binary 482 = 0.3704 − 0.5721i −0.2263 + 0.5005i 0.3846 − 0.2930i −0.1323 − 0.0800i −0.4668 − 0.5729i −0.0199 − 0.6554i −0.6711 − 0.2475i −0.3901 − 0.0032i 0.3838 + 0.4346i Binary 483 = −0.5432 + 0.0814i 0.0589 − 0.4799i 0.6679 + 0.1357i 0.2280 − 0.7029i −0.4831 − 0.4434i 0.0261 − 0.1524i −0.2089 − 0.3294i 0.5791 + 0.0287i −0.0148 − 0.7151i Binary 484 = 0.3846 − 0.2930i −0.0840 − 0.6763i 0.1484 + 0.5289i −0.0199 − 0.6554i −0.1528 + 0.0238i −0.7258 − 0.1389i 0.3838 + 0.4346i −0.6731 + 0.2418i −0.3009 + 0.2483i Binary 485 = 0.1063 − 0.4717i −0.4991 − 0.4641i 0.4536 + 0.3098i −0.4365 − 0.4893i −0.1018 + 0.1164i −0.6453 + 0.3602i 0.5734 + 0.0862i −0.3602 + 0.6179i −0.0709 + 0.3836i Binary 486 = 0.6220 − 0.4445i 0.0245 − 0.0132i −0.6360 − 0.1016i −0.4748 + 0.1578i 0.6291 − 0.1848i −0.5061 − 0.2524i 0.2602 + 0.3124i 0.4661 + 0.5934i −0.0403 + 0.5135i Binary 487 = 0.4060 − 0.5000i 0.5457 + 0.5353i 0.0173 + 0.0219i 0.4716 − 0.3121i −0.2378 − 0.4402i 0.2912 + 0.5874i −0.4246 − 0.2916i −0.2625 + 0.3105i −0.5035 + 0.5620i Binary 488 = −0.3988 + 0.2734i −0.6738 − 0.1023i −0.4947 − 0.2387i −0.0128 + 0.6556i −0.0185 + 0.1535i 0.5844 − 0.4523i −0.3617 − 0.4532i 0.0504 + 0.7135i 0.0129 − 0.3899i Binary 489 = 0.6679 + 0.1357i −0.3638 + 0.4116i −0.2634 − 0.4055i 0.0261 − 0.1524i −0.2771 − 0.6850i −0.6551 − 0.0292i −0.0148 − 0.7151i −0.3718 − 0.1181i 0.4621 − 0.3503i Binary 490 = 0.0101 + 0.0260i −0.6430 − 0.0378i 0.2232 + 0.7311i 0.1052 + 0.6472i −0.5287 − 0.2008i 0.0016 − 0.5003i −0.6468 + 0.3886i 0.0111 + 0.5150i −0.3790 + 0.1472i Binary 491 = 0.7660 − 0.6428i 0 0 0 0.7660 − 0.6428i 0 0 0 0.7660 − 0.6428i Binary 492 = −0.0114 − 0.0254i −0.1378 − 0.6292i 0.4005 − 0.6512i −0.1373 − 0.6411i 0.0501 − 0.5633i −0.3762 + 0.3298i 0.6266 − 0.4204i −0.4927 + 0.1501i 0.3612 + 0.1868i Binary 493 = −0.5001 + 0.4630i −0.1226 + 0.5354i −0.0852 − 0.4759i 0.1085 + 0.1102i −0.5710 − 0.4691i −0.5923 − 0.2813i 0.5893 + 0.4054i −0.3830 + 0.0741i 0.5619 − 0.1433i Binary 494 = −0.1745 − 0.5208i 0.4828 − 0.0254i −0.0177 + 0.6813i 0.7318 + 0.1025i 0.3528 − 0.5527i 0.1546 − 0.0007i 0.2881 − 0.2630i 0.0723 + 0.5753i 0.7017 − 0.1388i Binary 495 = 0.6235 − 0.7818i 0 0 0 −0.2225 − 0.9749i 0 0 0 −0.9010 + 0.4339i Binary 496 = −0.0141 + 0.5491i −0.4624 − 0.1413i 0.2497 − 0.6342i −0.6526 − 0.3466i −0.5206 + 0.3987i −0.1456 − 0.0522i −0.3607 + 0.1486i 0.1289 − 0.5654i −0.7068 − 0.1096i Binary 497 = −0.4835 + 0.0013i 0.6511 + 0.2016i 0.5250 − 0.1615i −0.3799 + 0.5345i 0.0412 − 0.1490i −0.1207 + 0.7291i −0.0435 − 0.5782i 0.0565 − 0.7130i 0.2557 + 0.2946i Binary 498 = −0.1778 − 0.4496i 0.5627 + 0.3845i −0.1218 − 0.5356i −0.6363 − 0.1584i 0.0833 − 0.1303i 0.7180 + 0.1749i 0.5224 − 0.2517i 0.2641 − 0.6647i 0.3129 − 0.2330i Binary 499 = 0 0.9215 − 0.3884i 0 0 0 −0.5837 − 0.8119i 0.3653 + 0.9309i 0 0 Binary 500 = 0 0 0.8262 − 0.5633i −0.8533 − 0.5214i 0 0 0 −0.1243 − 0.9922i 0 Binary 501 = 0.0077 − 0.0268i 0.2989 − 0.5705i 0.7253 − 0.2414i 0.3069 − 0.5794i 0.4004 − 0.3993i −0.5002 + 0.0108i 0.7502 + 0.0807i −0.4739 − 0.2017i 0.1566 + 0.3752i Binary 502 = 0 0.4562 − 0.8899i 0 0 0 −0.9691 − 0.2468i 0.8782 + 0.4783i 0 0 Binary 503 = −0.2743 − 0.4759i 0.1977 − 0.4412i 0.1853 − 0.6559i 0.7376 − 0.0445i −0.3309 − 0.5661i −0.1500 − 0.0374i 0.2303 − 0.3148i 0.5449 + 0.1982i −0.7142 − 0.0387i Binary 504 = −0.2105 + 0.6087i −0.6959 − 0.3164i −0.0237 − 0.0146i −0.3365 + 0.4546i 0.3740 + 0.3323i −0.4746 − 0.4524i 0.4987 + 0.1288i 0.1404 − 0.3816i 0.2809 − 0.7003i Binary 505 = −0.0177 + 0.6813i −0.4685 − 0.2868i 0.3536 − 0.3298i 0.1546 − 0.0007i 0.6265 − 0.3919i −0.0850 − 0.6502i 0.7017 − 0.1388i 0.0517 − 0.3867i 0.4252 + 0.3943i Binary 506 = −0.3171 − 0.5606i 0.6793 + 0.3507i −0.0205 + 0.0189i −0.1182 − 0.5530i −0.3570 − 0.3505i −0.5640 + 0.3343i −0.4266 + 0.2887i −0.1593 + 0.3741i −0.5981 − 0.4601i Binary 507 = 0.5060 + 0.2138i −0.4835 + 0.0013i 0.6511 + 0.2016i −0.5611 + 0.4809i −0.3799 + 0.5345i 0.0412 − 0.1490i 0.0065 + 0.3900i −0.0435 − 0.5782i 0.0565 − 0.7130i Binary 508 = −0.6072 + 0.2149i 0.4633 − 0.6080i 0.0150 + 0.0235i −0.5652 + 0.0204i −0.4072 + 0.2907i 0.2313 + 0.6135i 0.2102 + 0.4702i 0.3408 + 0.2218i −0.5569 + 0.5091i Binary 509 = −0.5486 − 0.0278i 0.4539 − 0.1666i −0.6807 + 0.0333i 0.3628 − 0.6438i 0.1742 − 0.6322i 0.0123 + 0.1541i −0.1395 − 0.3643i 0.2386 + 0.5285i 0.1908 + 0.6893i Binary 510 = 0 0 −0.9888 − 0.1490i −0.9988 + 0.0498i 0 0 0 0.2708 + 0.9626i 0 Binary 511 = 0 0.7660 − 0.6428i 0 0 0 0.7660 − 0.6428i 1.0000 − 0.0000i 0 0 

1. A method of transmitting data, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a set of at least 2^(m) n×n matrices that represent an extension of a fixed-point-free group, each said matrix including n² matrix elements, where m is a positive integer and n is an integer greater than 1; (b) allocating each binary number between 0 and binary 2′-1 to a respective one of said matrices; (c) mapping the data into said matrices according to said allocating; and (d) for each said matrix into which the data are mapped, transmitting said matrix elements of said each matrix.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said transmitting includes, for each said matrix into which the data are mapped, successively for each column of said each matrix, transmitting each said matrix element of said each column via a different respective antenna.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said transmitting includes, for each said matrix into which the data are mapped, transmitting each said matrix element of each column of said each matrix via a different respective antenna and transmitting each said matrix element of each row of said each matrix at a different respective frequency.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said transmitting includes, for each said matrix into which the data are mapped, successively for each column of said each matrix, transmitting each said matrix element of said each column at a different respective frequency.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said fixed-point-free group is a quaternion group.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said extension is a super quaternion set.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said fixed-point-free group is a G_(m,r) group.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said extension is a union of said fixed-point-free group and at least one coset determined by an element of an algebra in which said fixed-point-free group resides.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: (e) receiving said matrix elements of said each matrix via a known channel.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: (f) receiving said matrix elements of said each matrix via an unknown channel.
 11. A transmitter for transmitting data, comprising: (a) a coder for mapping the data into a set of 2^(m) n×n matrices obtained by providing a set of at least 2^(m) n×n matrices that represent an extension of a fixed-point-free group and allocating each binary number between 0 and binary 2^(m)−1 to a respective one of said at least 2^(m) matrices, each said matrix into which the data are mapped including n² matrix elements, m being a positive integer, n being an integer greater than 1, said mapping being according to said allocating; and (b) at least one antenna for transmitting said matrix elements.
 12. The transmitter of claim 11, comprising n said antennas, each said antenna for transmitting said matrix elements of a respective row of each said matrix into which the data are mapped. 